The feasibility and analysis of electric taxi vehicles in Singapore: A review
Corresponding Author(s) : Hadi Nabipour Afrouzi
Future Energy,
Vol. 2 No. 3 (2023): August 2023 Issue
Abstract
Taxi is one of the essential ways of transportation, which contributes to the depletion of non-renewable resources, congestion, emissions of harmful gases, energy consumption, and noise pollution. One way to reduce the environmental pollution caused by the road transportation system is to replace conventional and hybrid vehicles with pure electric-driven powertrains. In fact, EVs were announced as the key element in the sustainable transport strategy in urban areas, but the company operating transport services using vehicle fleets should increase the demand for electric vehicles to spread awareness. This paper reviews the feasibility of EV taxis in Singapore by analyzing the available infrastructure and energy prices. To introduce the electric vehicle in Singapore as an electric taxi, the construction along with the location of charging infrastructure need to be properly planned. Initiatives taken by different countries and the large-scale transition have also been reviewed. Despite the drawbacks of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), such as charging inconvenience and limited range, promising potential for EV taxis has been presented by the technological progress This paper also compared different aspects of the currently used taxis with EV taxis in Singapore. For the augmentation of this transition, improvement of the business model, dissemination of charging infrastructure, and policy support can play a vital role.
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References
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Lopes, João A. Peças, Filipe Joel Soares, and Pedro M. Rocha Almeida. "Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system." Proceedings of the IEEE 99.1 (2010): 168-183. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2066250
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S. Baek, H. Kim, and H. J. Chang, “A feasibility test on adopting electric vehicles to serve as taxis in daejeon metropolitan City of South Korea,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 8, no. 9. MDPI AG, Sep. 21, 2016, doi: 10.3390/su8090964.
K. Darcovich, H. Ribberink, C. Michelet, K. Lombardi, and M. Ghorab, “The Feasibility of Electric Vehicles as Taxis in a Canadian Context,” in 2019 Electric Vehicles International Conference, EV 2019, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/EV.2019.8892867.
J. Yang, J. Dong, and L. Hu, “Design government incentive schemes for promoting electric taxis in China,” doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.030.
A. Merkisz-Guranowska and M. Maciejewski, “The implementation of the electric taxi fleet in the city of Poznan, Poland,” 2015, doi: 10.2495/UT150191.
K. Y. Bjerkan, T. E. Nørbech, and M. E. Nordtømme, “Incentives for promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway,” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ., vol. 43, pp. 169–180, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.12.002.
J. Bischoff and M. Maciejewski, “Electric taxis in Berlin – analysis of the feasibility of a large-scale transition,” in Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2015, vol. 531, pp. 343–351, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24577-5_34.
Bender, Sebastian, Vinoth Pannirsilvam, Raymond Khoo, Pablo López Hidalgo, Maximilian Tschochner, Pratik Sheth, Sebastian Osswald, Daniel Gleyzes, Heong Wah Ng, and Markus Lienkamp. "Concept of an Electric Taxi-for Tropical Megacities." In CoFAT. 2014.
data.gov.sg, “Public Transport Utilisation - Average Daily Public Transport Ridership.” Statista, 2016, Accessed: May 25, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://data.gov.sg/dataset/public-transport-utilisation-average-public-transport-ridership?view_id=3619b55d-d1c2-4891-8b43-97b192bcb0c4&resource_id=552b8662-3cbc-48c0-9fbb-abdc07fb377a.
D. Bennett, “Benefits Of Using A Taxi Service – Bravo Media Inc,” Bravo Media Inc, 2017. https://www.elbordonartesanos.com/transport/benefits-of-using-a-taxi-service (accessed Jun. 01, 2020).
J. Muller, “Singapore: size of taxi fleet 2019" Statista, 2020, Accessed: January 17, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/953759/size-of-taxi-fleet-singapore/
“Taxi Singapore - Taxi cabs, fares, reservation & booking hot-lines, surcharges and more!” Accessed: Jun. 01, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.taxisingapore.com/.
“Commuter Facilities (Bus and Taxi)-Data.gov.sg,” 2017.
data.gov.sg, “Monthly Taxi Population by Company,” LTA, 2018. .
data.gov.sg, “LTA Taxi Stop,” LTA, 2016. https://data.gov.sg/dataset/lta-taxi-stop?view_id=0391327c-ad40-4b9e-9401-5fbf7ac2da8b&resource_id=fb808253-852c-423d-9715-20404eda8c9e (accessed Oct. 11, 2020).
Cheyenne, “Singapore Petrol Price Comparison 2019" Motorist, 2023, Accessed Jan 17, 2023 [Online]. Available: https://www.motorist.sg/article/331/petrol-price-singapore-2019.
Cheyenne, “Singapore Petrol Price Comparison " Motorist, 2023, Accessed Jan 17, 2023 [Online]. Available: https://www.motorist.sg/article/507/petrol-price-singapore-2022.
A. Chan, “Buying an Electric Car in Singapore: A Complete Guide | Singsaver.” 2020, Accessed: May 31, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.singsaver.com.sg/blog/guide-to-buy-an-electric-car-singapore.
Bawono, A.A. (2022). Electro-Mobility Solution Towards the Ultimate Public Transport System with a Case Study of Singapore. In: Engineered Cementitious Composites for Electrified Roadway in Megacities. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88542-7_2.
C. Tan, "Hybrid cabs growing in number". Torque, 2023. Accessed: Jan 17, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.torque.com.sg/news/hybrid-cabs-growing-number/.
C. Tan, "Hybrid cabs growing in number". Torque, 2023. Accessed: Jan 17, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.torque.com.sg/news/hybrid-cabs-growing-number/.
“Vehicle Emission Schemes | Upfront Vehicle Costs | Buying | One Motoring,” One Motoring SIngapore, 2020. https://www.onemotoring.com.sg/content/onemotoring/home/buying/upfront-vehicle-costs/emissions-charges.html (accessed Jun. 01, 2020).
“BYD e6 is an electric crossover that’s quirkier than a French car | Torque.” https://www.torque.com.sg/reviews/byd-e6-review/ (accessed May 30, 2020).
Huang, Y., & Kockelman, K. M. Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand, station congestion, and network equilibrium. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 78, 102179. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.008.
sg.byd.com, “E6 – BYD SINGAPORE,” EAUTO, 2018. https://sg.byd.com/e6/ (accessed Oct. 11, 2020).
G. Teo, “28,000 charging stations for electric cars is possible - but where? Industry players weigh in - CNA,” Channel News Asia, 2020.
D.-W.-I. Robert, P. Kochhan, and T. Hamacher, “Techno-Economic Evaluation of Battery-Electric Taxis Technisch-ökonomische Analyse von batterie-elektrischen Taxis.”
P. Kochhan, "Techno-economic evaluation of battery-electric taxis". Open Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm und Technischen Hochschule Ulm. Dissertation. http://dx.doi.org/10.18725/OPARU-5128.
A. Kamil, “SP Group rolls out first wave of electric vehicle charging points - TODAYonline,” Today Singapore, 2019. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/sp-group-rolls-out-first-wave-electric-vehicle-charging-points (accessed May 30, 2020).
G. Teo, “SP Group to double electric vehicle charging points to 1,000 by 2020 - CNA,” CNA, 2019. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/sp-group-electric-vehicle-charging-points-1000-by-2020-10863134 (accessed May 30, 2020).
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