Main Article Content
Abstract
The sensitive patient data handled by remote healthcare monitoring systems requires reliable, secure learning methods. Federated learning enables collaborative healthcare analytics without storing raw medical data centrally. However, existing techniques still suffer from issues including privacy leakage, untrusted aggregation, and frequent device outages. In this work, we propose H-VSAF, a privacy-preserving, verifiable, and lightweight federated learning system for healthcare environments. H-VSAF uses linear homomorphic hashing, Bloom filter-based online authentication, Shamir secret sharing, Diffie-Hellman key generation, and single-mask Secure Aggregation to ensure secrecy, precision, and resilience. The security analysis provides informal guarantees against gradient inference, aggregation tampering and deletion, and forged dropout claims under the threat model and cryptographic assumptions above. We experimentally evaluate H-VSAF on healthcare datasets and demonstrate that it achieves model accuracy within 0.2-0.8% of standard federated learning while decreasing client compute cost by up to 32% and communication overhead by 28% compared to traditional secure aggregation methods. Moreover, the framework is resilient to 40% client dropouts and introduces verification latency < 35 ms each round. The results clearly show that H-VSAF provides a credible and practical platform for safe joint health care analytics.
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References
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References
Fatma Kurul et al. Wearable sensors for health monitoring: Current applications, trends, and future directions. Biosensor and Bioelectronics: X, vol.28, 2026, pp.100727.10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100727
A. Pantelopoulos and N. G. Bourbakis, “A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis,” IEEE TSMC, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2010.10.1109/TSMCC.2009.2032660
GDPR: European Union General Data Protection Regulation, 2018,. https://gdpr-info.eu/
HIPAA Privacy Rule: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 1996. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/index.html
M. Abadi, A. Chu, I. Goodfellow, H.B. McMahan, I. Mironov, K. Talwar, L. Zhang. 2016, October. Deep learning with differential privacy. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security, 2016, pp. 308-318. https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978318
B. McMahan, E. Moore, D. Ramage, S. Hampson, B.A. y Arcas, B.A. Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data. In Artificial intelligence and statistics, vol. 54, 2017, pp. 1273-1282. 10.48550/arXiv.1602.05629
N. Rieke, J. Hancox, W. Li, F. Milletari, H.R. Roth, S. Albarqouni, S. Bakas, M.N. Galtier, B.A. Landman, K. Maier-Hein, S. Ourselin, S. The future of digital health with federated learning. NPJ digital medicine, vol. 3, no. 1,2020, p.119. 10.1038/s41746-020-00323-1
T. Li, A.K. Sahu, A. Talwalkar, V. Smith. Federated learning: Challenges, methods, and future directions. IEEE signal processing magazine, vol. 37, no. 3,2020, pp.50-60. 10.1109/MSP.2020.2975749
V. Mothukuri, R.M. Parizi, S. Pouriyeh, Y. Huang, A. Dehghantanha, G. Srivastava. A survey on security and privacy of federated learning. Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 115, 2021, pp.619-640. 10.1016/j.future.2020.10.007
K. Bonawitz, V. Ivanov, B. Kreuter, A. Marcedone, H.B. McMahan, S. Patel, D. Ramage, A. Segal, K. Seth. Practical secure aggregation for privacy-preserving machine learning. In proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2017, pp. 1175-119. 10.1145/3133956.3133982
E. Hallaji, R. Razavi-Far, M. Saif, B. Wang, Q. Yang. Decentralized federated learning: A survey on security and privacy. IEEE Transactions on Big Data, vol. 10, no. 2,2024, pp.194-213. 10.1109/TBDATA.2024.3362191
N. Jia, Z. Qu, B. Ye, Y. Wang, S. Hu, S. Guo. A comprehensive survey on communication-efficient federated learning in mobile edge environments. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 27, no. 6, 2025, pp.3710-3741.
M. J. Sheller, B. Edwards, G. A. Reina, J. Martin, S. Pati, A. Kotrotsou, M. Milchenko, W. Xu, D. Marcus, R. R. Colen, S. Bakas. Federated learning in medicine: Facilitating multi-institutional collaborations without sharing patient data. Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 12598, 2020. 10.1038/s41598-020-69250-1
S. R. Abbas, A. A. Khan, S. S. Ahmad. Federated learning in smart healthcare: A review. IEEE Access, vol. 12, 2024, pp. 6001–6020.10.1109/TETC.2024.3473911
C. Song, J. Li, Y. Wang. Secure and efficient federated learning schemes for smart healthcare systems. Electronics, vol. 13, no. 13,2024, p. 2620. 10.3390/electronics13132620
Liutao Zhao , Haoran Xie , Lin Zhong , Yujue Wang Explainable federated learning scheme for secure healthcare data sharing. Health Information Science and Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, 2024, p. 49. 10.1007/s13755-024-00306-6.
J. Cai, X. Li, Y. Ye. ESVFL: Efficient and secure verifiable federated learning scheme with privacy-preserving. Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 139, 2024, pp. 150–165.10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102420
S. Niu, X. Zhou, N. Wang, W. Kong, and L. Chen, Secure and verifiable federated learning against poisoning attacks in IoMT. Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 122, 2025, p. 109900. 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109900
W. Yao, T. Zhou, Y. Han, and X. Wang. Verifiable Secure Aggregation Scheme for Privacy Protection in Federated Learning Networks, Discover Computing, vol. 28, no. 1, Art. no. 175, 2025. 10.1007/s10791-025-09676-1
R. Haripriya, N. Khare, M. Pandey. Privacy-preserving federated learning for collaborative medical data mining in multi-institutional settings. Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, 2025, p.12482.10.1038/s41598-025-97565-4
S. Truex, N. Baracaldo, A. Anwar, T. Steinke, H. Ludwig, R. Zhang, Y. Zhou. A hybrid approach to privacy-preserving federated learning. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security (AISec ’19), London, United Kingdom, 2019, pp. 1–11.10.1145/3338501.33573
Y. Li, H. Li, G. Xu, X. Huang, R. Lu. Efficient privacy-preserving federated learning with unreliable users. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 13, 2022, pp. 11590–11603.10.1109/JIOT.2021.3130115
Yan Zhang, et al., “Blockchain and federated learning for privacy-preserved data sharing in industrial IoT,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 6, 2020 pp. 4177–4188.10.1109/TII.2019.2942190