Main Article Content
Abstract
Nowadays, nanocomposites are widely used in the industry. Polymer nanocomposites are widely used in the automotive industry because they have very favorable properties. These properties, including mechanical, electrical, and thermal characteristics, change depending on the combination of materials used in composite synthesis. In this paper, the injection molding of an automobile part called a control arm protector is investigated. Since warpage and shrinkage are general and important challenges in injection molded parts, Taguchi test design and Autodesk Moldflow® simulation approach are used to find the best injection condition for the mentioned part. To perform this, PA6/ABS polymer composite combined with nano CaCO3 is used. Three main injection molding process parameters, including melt temperature, mold temperature, and injection pressure, as well as nano CaCO3 amount, are evaluated. Moreover, analysis of the gate location is investigated. In the following, an analysis of variance is conducted to identify the significant parameters. Regression correlations were also established. Finally, optimization of the process is carried out by the desirability method.
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Article Details
References
- Zhao, N.-y., et al., Recent progress in minimizing the warpage and shrinkage deformations by the optimization of process parameters in plastic injection molding: A review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2022. 120(1-2): p. 85-101.
- Sun, X., et al., A new characterizing method for warpage measurement of injection-molded thermoplastics. Polymer Testing, 2019. 76: p. 320-325.
- Vishnuvarthanan, M., R. Panda, and S. Ilangovan, Optimization of injection molding cycle time using moldflow analysis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2013. 13(7): p. 944-946.
- Ozkoc, G., G. Bayram, and E. Bayramli, Short glass fiber reinforced ABS and ABS/PA6 composites: processing and characterization. Polymer composites, 2005. 26(6): p. 745-755.
- Douka, A., et al., A review on enzymatic polymerization to produce polycondensation polymers: The case of aliphatic polyesters, polyamides and polyesteramides. Progress in Polymer Science, 2018. 79: p. 1-25.
- Fuad, M., et al., Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites--effects of processing techniques and maleated polypropylene compatibiliser. EXPRESS Polymer Letters, 2010. 4(10).
- Karsli, N.G., et al., Investigation of erosive wear behavior and physical properties of SGF and/or calcite reinforced ABS/PA6 composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013. 44(1): p. 385-393.
- Chauhan, V., T. Kärki, and J. Varis, Optimization of compression molding process parameters for NFPC manufacturing using taguchi design of experiment and moldflow analysis. Processes, 2021. 9(10): p. 1853.
- Arsad, A., Compatibiliser Effects on Properties of Polyamide-6/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and Polyamide-6/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/short Glass Fibre Thermoplastic Composites. 2010, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
- Artykbaeva, E., et al., Investigation of the properties of PA6/PA610 blends and glass fiber reinforced PA6/PA610 composites. Polymer Composites, 2022. 43(10): p. 7514-7525.
- Hassan, A., N.A. Rahman, and R. Yahya, Moisture absorption effect on thermal, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of injection-molded short glass-fiber/polyamide 6, 6 composites. Fibers and Polymers, 2012. 13: p. 899-906.
- Francisco, D.L., L.B. Paiva, and W. Aldeia, Advances in polyamide nanocomposites: A review. Polymer Composites, 2019. 40(3): p. 851-870.
- Mao, H., et al., Effects of nano-CaCO3 content on the crystallization, mechanical properties, and cell structure of PP nanocomposites in microcellular injection molding. Polymers, 2018. 10(10): p. 1160.
- Shelesh-Nezhad, K., H. Orang, and M. Motallebi, Crystallization, shrinkage and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene/CaCO3 nanocomposites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2013. 26(4): p. 544-554.
- Wang, W.y., et al., Preparation and properties of nano‐CaCO3/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008. 107(6): p. 3609-3614.
- Wang, W.Y., et al., Preparation and characterization of calcium carbonate/low‐density‐polyethylene nanocomposites. Journal of Applied polymer science, 2007. 106(3): p. 1932-1938.
- Tang, C.Y. and J.Z. Liang, A study of the melt flow behaviour of ABS/CaCO3 composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2003. 138(1-3): p. 408-410.
- Premphet, K. and P. Horanont, Phase structure of ternary polypropylene/elastomer/filler composites: effect of elastomer polarity. Polymer, 2000. 41(26): p. 9283-9290.
- Martowibowo, S.Y. and A. Kaswadi, Optimization and simulation of plastic injection process using genetic algorithm and moldflow. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2017. 30(2): p. 398-406.
- Li, X.F. and H.B. Liu. Optimization of Injection Molding Process Parameters Based on Taguchi Design of Experiment. in Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2012. Trans Tech Publ.
- Oliaei, E., et al., Warpage and shrinkage optimization of injection-molded plastic spoon parts for biodegradable polymers using Taguchi, ANOVA and artificial neural network methods. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2016. 32(8): p. 710-720.
- Hakimian, E. and A.B. Sulong, Analysis of warpage and shrinkage properties of injection-molded micro gears polymer composites using numerical simulations assisted by the Taguchi method. Materials & Design, 2012. 42: p. 62-71.
- Nie, Y., H.M. Zhang, and J.T. Niu. Optimization of the injection molding process parameters based on moldflow and orthogonal experiment. in Key Engineering Materials. 2013. Trans Tech Publ.
- Yang, J.K. and Y.J. Xu. Warpage analysis of injection molding based on mold flow. in Advanced Materials Research. 2012. Trans Tech Publ.
- Jain, K., D. Somwanshi, and A. Jain. Effect of Process Parameter on Plastic Parts Using ANOVA with Moldflow Simulation. in Advances in Materials Processing and Manufacturing Applications: Proceedings of iCADMA 2020. 2021. Springer.
- Park, H.-S., et al., Design of advanced injection mold to increase cooling efficiency. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2020. 7: p. 319-328.
- Ganeshram, V. and M. Achudhan, Design and moldflow analysis of piston cooling nozzle in automobiles. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2013. 6(SUPPL. 6): p. 4808-4813.
- Baraheni, M. and S. Amini, Feasibility study of delamination in rotary ultrasonic-assisted drilling of glass fiber reinforced plastics. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2018. 37(1): p. 3-12.
- Freddi, A., et al., Introduction to the Taguchi method. Design principles and methodologies: from conceptualization to first prototyping with examples and case studies, 2019: p. 159-180.
- Amini, S., M. Baraheni, and M. Moeini Afzal, Statistical study of the effect of various machining parameters on delamination in drilling of carbon fiber reinforced composites. Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 2018. 5(1): p. 41-50.
- Draper, N.R. and H. Smith, Applied regression analysis. Vol. 326. 1998: John Wiley & Sons.
- Chen, D.C., et al. Study on Mold Flow Analysis and Injection Product Verification by Analysis of Variance and Response Surface Method-Taking Toothbrush as an Example. in Solid State Phenomena. 2020. Trans Tech Publ.
- Amini, S., M. Baraheni, and A. Mardiha, Parametric investigation of rotary ultrasonic drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 2018. 232(5): p. 540-554.
- Avella, M., et al., Nucleation activity of nanosized CaCO3 on crystallization of isotactic polypropylene, in dependence on crystal modification, particle shape, and coating. European Polymer Journal, 2006. 42(7): p. 1548-1557.
- Lin, Y., et al., Nucleating effect of calcium stearate coated CaCO3 nanoparticles on polypropylene. Journal of colloid and interface science, 2011. 354(2): p. 570-576.
- Baraheni, M. and S. Amini, Comprehensive optimization of process parameters in rotary ultrasonic drilling of CFRP aimed at minimizing delamination. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 2019. 2(4): p. 379-387.
References
Zhao, N.-y., et al., Recent progress in minimizing the warpage and shrinkage deformations by the optimization of process parameters in plastic injection molding: A review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2022. 120(1-2): p. 85-101.
Sun, X., et al., A new characterizing method for warpage measurement of injection-molded thermoplastics. Polymer Testing, 2019. 76: p. 320-325.
Vishnuvarthanan, M., R. Panda, and S. Ilangovan, Optimization of injection molding cycle time using moldflow analysis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2013. 13(7): p. 944-946.
Ozkoc, G., G. Bayram, and E. Bayramli, Short glass fiber reinforced ABS and ABS/PA6 composites: processing and characterization. Polymer composites, 2005. 26(6): p. 745-755.
Douka, A., et al., A review on enzymatic polymerization to produce polycondensation polymers: The case of aliphatic polyesters, polyamides and polyesteramides. Progress in Polymer Science, 2018. 79: p. 1-25.
Fuad, M., et al., Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites--effects of processing techniques and maleated polypropylene compatibiliser. EXPRESS Polymer Letters, 2010. 4(10).
Karsli, N.G., et al., Investigation of erosive wear behavior and physical properties of SGF and/or calcite reinforced ABS/PA6 composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013. 44(1): p. 385-393.
Chauhan, V., T. Kärki, and J. Varis, Optimization of compression molding process parameters for NFPC manufacturing using taguchi design of experiment and moldflow analysis. Processes, 2021. 9(10): p. 1853.
Arsad, A., Compatibiliser Effects on Properties of Polyamide-6/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and Polyamide-6/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/short Glass Fibre Thermoplastic Composites. 2010, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Artykbaeva, E., et al., Investigation of the properties of PA6/PA610 blends and glass fiber reinforced PA6/PA610 composites. Polymer Composites, 2022. 43(10): p. 7514-7525.
Hassan, A., N.A. Rahman, and R. Yahya, Moisture absorption effect on thermal, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of injection-molded short glass-fiber/polyamide 6, 6 composites. Fibers and Polymers, 2012. 13: p. 899-906.
Francisco, D.L., L.B. Paiva, and W. Aldeia, Advances in polyamide nanocomposites: A review. Polymer Composites, 2019. 40(3): p. 851-870.
Mao, H., et al., Effects of nano-CaCO3 content on the crystallization, mechanical properties, and cell structure of PP nanocomposites in microcellular injection molding. Polymers, 2018. 10(10): p. 1160.
Shelesh-Nezhad, K., H. Orang, and M. Motallebi, Crystallization, shrinkage and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene/CaCO3 nanocomposites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2013. 26(4): p. 544-554.
Wang, W.y., et al., Preparation and properties of nano‐CaCO3/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008. 107(6): p. 3609-3614.
Wang, W.Y., et al., Preparation and characterization of calcium carbonate/low‐density‐polyethylene nanocomposites. Journal of Applied polymer science, 2007. 106(3): p. 1932-1938.
Tang, C.Y. and J.Z. Liang, A study of the melt flow behaviour of ABS/CaCO3 composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2003. 138(1-3): p. 408-410.
Premphet, K. and P. Horanont, Phase structure of ternary polypropylene/elastomer/filler composites: effect of elastomer polarity. Polymer, 2000. 41(26): p. 9283-9290.
Martowibowo, S.Y. and A. Kaswadi, Optimization and simulation of plastic injection process using genetic algorithm and moldflow. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2017. 30(2): p. 398-406.
Li, X.F. and H.B. Liu. Optimization of Injection Molding Process Parameters Based on Taguchi Design of Experiment. in Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2012. Trans Tech Publ.
Oliaei, E., et al., Warpage and shrinkage optimization of injection-molded plastic spoon parts for biodegradable polymers using Taguchi, ANOVA and artificial neural network methods. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2016. 32(8): p. 710-720.
Hakimian, E. and A.B. Sulong, Analysis of warpage and shrinkage properties of injection-molded micro gears polymer composites using numerical simulations assisted by the Taguchi method. Materials & Design, 2012. 42: p. 62-71.
Nie, Y., H.M. Zhang, and J.T. Niu. Optimization of the injection molding process parameters based on moldflow and orthogonal experiment. in Key Engineering Materials. 2013. Trans Tech Publ.
Yang, J.K. and Y.J. Xu. Warpage analysis of injection molding based on mold flow. in Advanced Materials Research. 2012. Trans Tech Publ.
Jain, K., D. Somwanshi, and A. Jain. Effect of Process Parameter on Plastic Parts Using ANOVA with Moldflow Simulation. in Advances in Materials Processing and Manufacturing Applications: Proceedings of iCADMA 2020. 2021. Springer.
Park, H.-S., et al., Design of advanced injection mold to increase cooling efficiency. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2020. 7: p. 319-328.
Ganeshram, V. and M. Achudhan, Design and moldflow analysis of piston cooling nozzle in automobiles. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2013. 6(SUPPL. 6): p. 4808-4813.
Baraheni, M. and S. Amini, Feasibility study of delamination in rotary ultrasonic-assisted drilling of glass fiber reinforced plastics. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2018. 37(1): p. 3-12.
Freddi, A., et al., Introduction to the Taguchi method. Design principles and methodologies: from conceptualization to first prototyping with examples and case studies, 2019: p. 159-180.
Amini, S., M. Baraheni, and M. Moeini Afzal, Statistical study of the effect of various machining parameters on delamination in drilling of carbon fiber reinforced composites. Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, 2018. 5(1): p. 41-50.
Draper, N.R. and H. Smith, Applied regression analysis. Vol. 326. 1998: John Wiley & Sons.
Chen, D.C., et al. Study on Mold Flow Analysis and Injection Product Verification by Analysis of Variance and Response Surface Method-Taking Toothbrush as an Example. in Solid State Phenomena. 2020. Trans Tech Publ.
Amini, S., M. Baraheni, and A. Mardiha, Parametric investigation of rotary ultrasonic drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 2018. 232(5): p. 540-554.
Avella, M., et al., Nucleation activity of nanosized CaCO3 on crystallization of isotactic polypropylene, in dependence on crystal modification, particle shape, and coating. European Polymer Journal, 2006. 42(7): p. 1548-1557.
Lin, Y., et al., Nucleating effect of calcium stearate coated CaCO3 nanoparticles on polypropylene. Journal of colloid and interface science, 2011. 354(2): p. 570-576.
Baraheni, M. and S. Amini, Comprehensive optimization of process parameters in rotary ultrasonic drilling of CFRP aimed at minimizing delamination. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 2019. 2(4): p. 379-387.