Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the global vanilla industry, emphasizing vanilla’s status as the second most costly spice and the most extensively used flavoring worldwide. To satisfy global demand, there is an increasing reliance on synthetic methods for flavor extraction, raising concerns about quality and health risks due to widespread adulteration with cheaper synthetic vanillin, often misrepresented as "pure." To tackle adulteration effectively and economically, this study proposes employing a single-stage classification model trained using the transient response of an electronic nose (e-nose) equipped with four metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and machine learning classification models to sample vanilla from various countries (Indonesia & Madagascar) and grades (Grade A & B). 33 classifiers were trained and compared based on classification and validation accuracy. Through trial and error, it was determined that the sensor response times at the 20s, 60s, and 90s marks, using Weighted KNN, contributed to 100% classification accuracy and 80% validation accuracy. A second analysis method was attempted where the sensor transient response was processed using the Wavelet Time-Frequency Analyzer. When training classification models using the processed data, the bilayer neural network yielded the highest classification accuracy of 100% and validation accuracy of 70%.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Quick Facts: Vanilla Beans [Online] Available: https://podillas.com/?p=250
- R. T. des Oliveira, J. P. da Silva Oliveira, and A. F. Macedo, "Vanilla beyond Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla x tahitensis: Taxonomy and Historical Notes, Reproductive Biology, and Metabolites," Plants (Basel), vol. 11, no. 23, Nov 30 2022, doi: 10.3390/plants11233311.
- J. P. da Silva Oliveira, R. Garrett, M. G. Bello Koblitz, and A. Furtado Macedo, "Vanilla flavor: Species from the Atlantic forest as natural alternatives," Food Chem, vol. 375, p. 131891, May 1 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131891.
- M. M. Bombgardner. The problem with vanilla [Online] Available: https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i36/problem-vanilla.html
- C. M. Moreno-Ley, D. M. Hernandez-Martinez, G. Osorio-Revilla, A. P. Tapia-Ochoategui, G. Davila-Ortiz, and T. Gallardo-Velazquez, "Prediction of coumarin and ethyl vanillin in pure vanilla extracts using MID-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics," Talanta, vol. 197, pp. 264-269, May 15 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.033.
- Continuous and Discrete Wavelet Analysis of Frequency Break [Online] Available: https://www.mathworks.com/help/wavelet/ug/continuous-and-discrete-wavelet-analysis.html
- H. E. Lee, Z. J. A. Mercer, S. M. Ng, M. Shafiei, and H. S. Chua, "Geo-tracing of black pepper using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors array," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, no. 14, pp. 8039-8045, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2981602.
- H. E. Lee, H. S. Chua, Z. J. A. Mercer, S. M. Ng, and M. Shafiei, "Fraud detection of black pepper using metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors," in 2021 IEEE Sensors, 31 Oct.-3 Nov. 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/SENSORS47087.2021.9639658.
- H. E. Lee, Z. J. A. Mercer, S. M. Ng, M. Shafiei, and H. S. Chua, "Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors-based E-nose and Two-stage Classification: Authentication of Malaysia and Vietnam Black Pepper Samples," in 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN), 29 May-1 June 2022, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ISOEN54820.2022.9789618.
- H. E. Lee, "Geo-tracing of Black Pepper using Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors," PhD, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/468270
References
Quick Facts: Vanilla Beans [Online] Available: https://podillas.com/?p=250
R. T. des Oliveira, J. P. da Silva Oliveira, and A. F. Macedo, "Vanilla beyond Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla x tahitensis: Taxonomy and Historical Notes, Reproductive Biology, and Metabolites," Plants (Basel), vol. 11, no. 23, Nov 30 2022, doi: 10.3390/plants11233311.
J. P. da Silva Oliveira, R. Garrett, M. G. Bello Koblitz, and A. Furtado Macedo, "Vanilla flavor: Species from the Atlantic forest as natural alternatives," Food Chem, vol. 375, p. 131891, May 1 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131891.
M. M. Bombgardner. The problem with vanilla [Online] Available: https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i36/problem-vanilla.html
C. M. Moreno-Ley, D. M. Hernandez-Martinez, G. Osorio-Revilla, A. P. Tapia-Ochoategui, G. Davila-Ortiz, and T. Gallardo-Velazquez, "Prediction of coumarin and ethyl vanillin in pure vanilla extracts using MID-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics," Talanta, vol. 197, pp. 264-269, May 15 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.033.
Continuous and Discrete Wavelet Analysis of Frequency Break [Online] Available: https://www.mathworks.com/help/wavelet/ug/continuous-and-discrete-wavelet-analysis.html
H. E. Lee, Z. J. A. Mercer, S. M. Ng, M. Shafiei, and H. S. Chua, "Geo-tracing of black pepper using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors array," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, no. 14, pp. 8039-8045, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2981602.
H. E. Lee, H. S. Chua, Z. J. A. Mercer, S. M. Ng, and M. Shafiei, "Fraud detection of black pepper using metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors," in 2021 IEEE Sensors, 31 Oct.-3 Nov. 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/SENSORS47087.2021.9639658.
H. E. Lee, Z. J. A. Mercer, S. M. Ng, M. Shafiei, and H. S. Chua, "Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors-based E-nose and Two-stage Classification: Authentication of Malaysia and Vietnam Black Pepper Samples," in 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN), 29 May-1 June 2022, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ISOEN54820.2022.9789618.
H. E. Lee, "Geo-tracing of Black Pepper using Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors," PhD, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/468270
