Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 27 Download : 48

Main Article Content

Abstract

Dams are essential structures that regulate and manage water for human activities such as irrigation, power generation, flood control, and water supply. However, building and operating dams involve inherent risks that can lead to catastrophic consequences in case of failure, such failures can threaten the environment and populations downstream. Haditha Dam, Al-Anbar Governate, Iraq has been chosen as a case study due to its unique geological conditions (existence of limestone formations prone to karstification) and susceptibility to terrorist attacks. In this research, the risk factor for Haditha Dam is categorized as extremely high risk, with a Total Risk Factor (TRF) of 36. An emergency action plan that includes three possible failure scenarios has been proposed. Based on the flood maps, there is an urgent need for evacuation planning and the designation of safe and unsafe zones in the cities downstream of Haditha Dam to mitigate the consequences of a potential failure of the Dam. This plan aims to address immediate flood inundation, minimize loss of life, and manage the damage that could occur to infrastructure. As part of the emergency response strategy, an evacuation program has been proposed to protect lives and reduce the impact on affected populations.

Keywords

Haditha Dam Risk factor Failure Emergency response plan

Article Details

How to Cite
Hamid , Y. ., Ghasemlounia, R. ., Mohammed, T., & Al-Ansi , A. . (2025). Emergency action plan for Haditha dam failure scenario, Al-Anbar, Iraq. Future Technology, 4(2), 1–10. Retrieved from https://fupubco.com/futech/article/view/254
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Bookmark and Share

References

  1. H. A. Al-Fatlawi, and A. M. Salih Ameen, “A control program for hydropower operation based on minimizing the principal stress values on the dam body: Mosul dam case study. Journal of Engineering,” 29(6), pp.30–45, 2023. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.06.03.
  2. J. D. Pisaniello, T. T . Dam, and J. L. Tingey-Holyoak, “International small dam safety assurance policy benchmarks to avoid dam failure flood disasters in developing countries,” Journal of Hydrology, 531, pp.1141–1153, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.077.
  3. A. M. Mehta, C. S. Weeks, and E. Tyquin, “Towards preparedness for dam failure: an evidence base for risk communication for downstream communities,” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 50, no. 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101820
  4. A. Mohammed, A. Maryam, and N. Odaa, “Analysis of Mosul and Haditha dam flow data,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 50, no. 2, 2014. https//doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101820
  5. A. S. Abass, and D. Najeeb, “Analysis of seepage through embankment dams as case study (Al-Shahabi Dam) in Iraq,” International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), vol. 40, no. 2, pp.7–17, 2018. http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=JournalOfBasicAndApplied
  6. T. Al-Hadidi and M. Al-Nedawi, “Seepage and slope stability analysis for Hemrin earth dam in Iraq using geo-studio software,” Solid State Technology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 3434-3448, 2020. https://solidstatetechnology.us/index.php/JSST/issue/view/46
  7. N. M. Al-Nedawi, “Finite element analysis of seepage for Hemrin earth dam using geo-studio software,” Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, 13(3), pp.66–76, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24237/djes.2020.13307.
  8. R. Mahdi, and M. T. AI-Hadidi, “The simulation of seepage through the foundations: hilla canal main regulator as case study,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 427, no. 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342701007
  9. M. T. Al-Hadidi, and S. H. Hashim, “Finite element analysis of seepage for Kongele earth dam using geo- studio software,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1895/1/012003.
  10. Zedan, A.J., Faris, M.R. and A. K. Bdaiwi, 2022. Performance assessment of Shirin earth dam in Iraq under various operational conditions. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 29(2), pp.61-74. DOI: http://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.2.8.
  11. M. M.Aboelela, “Control of seepage through earth dams based on pervious foundation using toe drainage systems,” Journal of Water Resource and Protection, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1158–1174, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2016.812090.
  12. M. G. Jassam, and S. S. Abdulrazzaq, “Theoretical analysis of seepage through homogeneous and non-homogeneous saturated-unsaturated soil,” Journal of Engineering, 25(5), pp.52–67, 2019. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.05.04.
  13. S. Bredy, and J. J. andora, “Effect of dam height on the stability of earth dam (case study: Karolinka dam),” Journal of Engineering, vol. 26, no. 3, pp.117–126, 2020a. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.03.10
  14. Z. N. Alzamily, and B. Sh. Abed, “Comparison of seepage trough zoned earth dam using improved light-textured soils,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 28, no. 3, pp.32–45, 2022. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.03.03.
  15. M. M. Mostafa, and S. Zhenzhong, “Effect of zones’ dimensions and geometry on seepage through zoned earth dams,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, vol. 70, no. 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-023-00223-7.
  16. R. P. Sharma, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, Proceeding of International conference on case histories in geotechnical engineering, Missouri, USA; University of Science and Technology, 2013. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/7icchge/session03/
  17. C. Wannous, and G. Velasquez, “United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)—UNISDR’s contribution to science and technology for disaster risk reduction and the role of the international consortium on landslides (ICL),” Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, pp.109–115, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59469-9_6.
  18. Juliastuti and Setyandito, O., Dam break analysis and flood inundation map of Krisak dam for emergency action plan, AIP Conference Proceedings, Sumatera, Indonesia, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011615.
  19. K. Bharti, M. Sharma, and N. Islam, “Study on the dam & reservoir, and analysis of dam failures: a data base approach,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1661-1669, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341378442_Study_on_the_Dam_Reservoir_and_Analysis_of_Dam_Failures_A_Data_Base_Approach
  20. M. Axman, and S. Kročová, “Safety of dams in crisis situations. in: IOP conference series: Earth and Environmental Science,” vol. 900, no. 2021, pp. 1-9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012002.
  21. M. M. E. Zumrawi, 2013. “Failure investigation of Tawila dam in north Darfur, Sudan,” International Journal of Science and Research, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 963-967, 2013. https://doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31096.52488
  22. M. Foster, R. Fell, and M. Spannagle, “The statistics of embankment dam failures and accidents,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1000–1024, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-030.
  23. R. B. Fernandes, A. C. C. Fontenla Sieira, and A. P. M. Filho, “Methodology for risk management in dams from the event tree and FMEA analysis,” Soils and Rocks, vol. 45, no. 3, 2022. https://doi.org/10.28927/SR.2022.070221.
  24. S. E. Evans, S. D. Mackky, J. F. Gottckns, and W. M. Gill, “Lessons from a dam failure,” The Ohio Journal of Science, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 121-131, 2000.
  25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273761656_Lesson_From_a_Dam_Failure
  26. L. X. Hollins, D. A. Eisenberg, and T. P. Seager, “Risk and resilience at the Oroville Dam,” Infrastructures, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1-17, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3040049.
  27. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Federal guidelines for inundation mapping of flood risks associated with dam incidents and failures ( first edition), FEMA P-946/July 2013.
  28. I. Escuder-Bueno, E. Matheu, L. Altarejos-García, and J.T. Castillo-Rodríguez, Risk analysis, dam safety, dam security and critical infrastructure management, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK, 2011.
  29. J. Imran, A. Tanim, M.S. Khan, A. Nahian, and E. Goharian, Rising waters, falling dams: deciphering the Derna flood disaster, Research Square, Preprint, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3809203/v1
  30. A. Ashoor, and A. Eladawy, Watch and upgrade or deconstruct and relocate: Derna catastrophe lessons amid the climate-change era of unpredictable flash floods, Research Square, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1
  31. K. S. Varoujan, N. Al-Ansari, L. H. Abdullah, “Neotectonic activity using geomorphological features in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 38, no.1, pp. 4889-4905, 2020. https;//doi: 10.1007/s10706-020-01334-1
  32. C. A. Alvarado Ancieta, “The importance for selecting adequate seismic design parameters for large dams - Andean, Himalayas and eastern Anatolia Mountain range cases,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 26(3), pp.1194–1208, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1713933.
  33. Topçu Kütahya, S., Tosun, H. and Topcu, S., An overview on total risk classifications for dams, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355444095