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Abstract

Semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) systems have gained increasing attention for their ability to generate electricity while reducing energy consumption compared to conventional windows, addressing climate and energy challenges. However, STPV systems inherently reduce window transparency, which may compromise occupant visual comfort and satisfaction. This study experimentally investigates occupant satisfaction with crystalline silicon (c-Si) STPV windows at different cell coverage ratios (CCR) in private offices and open spaces using virtual reality (VR) technology validated by the Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ). Forty-five participants evaluated six CCR configurations (0%-50%) across two spatial types. Results show VR environments achieved satisfactory presence levels (IPQ: 70.37% private, 70.06% open), validating the methodology. Occupant satisfaction decreased with increasing CCR in both spaces, from 5.11 to 3.00 (private) and 5.89 to 3.22 (open). Open spaces showed significantly higher satisfaction than private offices for 10%-40% CCR, with convergence at 50% CCR. These findings provide design guidance for optimizing STPV integration while maintaining occupant comfort.

Keywords

Semi-transparent photovoltaic Cell coverage ratios Igroup presence questionnaire Occupant satisfaction

Article Details

Author Biographies

Zhan Chen, School of Architecture & Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

ZHAN-CHEN is currently pursuing the doctor's degree with the School of Architecture & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. His research interests is STPV application in buildings.

Nangkula Utaberta, School of Architecture & Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Nangkula Utaberta is PhD, Professor at UCSI University. His research interests include Islamic architecture, mosques design, and halal tourism, Culture and heritage of southeast asia architecture, Theory and philosophy of western and eastern architecture.

Nadzirah Zainordin, School of Architecture & Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Nadzirah Zainordin is PhD,Associate Professor, Head of Research & Postgraduate Studies at UCSI University. Her research interests include Sustainable development, Professional practices, BIM, Building maintenance.

How to Cite
Chen, Z., Utaberta, N., & Zainordin, N. (2025). Occupants’ satisfaction with STPV window design in private and open spaces by VR images. Future Technology, 4(4), 24–32. Retrieved from https://fupubco.com/futech/article/view/422
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