Main Article Content
Abstract
The emergence of ChatGPT in November 2022 disrupted practice in knowledge work and defied performance-measurement systems in human-exclusive task accomplishment under unprecedented comparability. This current study fills the gap in the literature between traditional models of appraisal and AI-enabled workspaces through the development of an evidence-based model of measuring performance in human-AI collaborative settings. Drawing on systematic analysis of 5,000 LinkedIn job adverts and 2,000 Indeed salary information between 2022-2024, the present study examined the shift in performance needs and skill needs in knowledge sectors following the release of ChatGPT. The study's findings indicated that AI skills are especially needed in 27.8% of knowledge workers' jobs, with a growth rate of 376% since the release of ChatGPT. AI-trained staff are rewarded with a 17.7% overall premium for their wages, and occupational competence varies from 43.2% in high-tech to 9.7% in the public sector. Systematic skill differences cannot be captured by conventional measuring systems, according to the results. The study discovers a three-dimensional model for measuring performance, including AI Tool Mastery, Collaborative Work Quality, and Human-AI Synergy to measure hybrid skills developed through human-machine collaboration. The research establishes the theory of performance management by developing operational measurement solutions for companies going through workplace redesign due to AI.
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References
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References
Y. K. Dwivedi et al., "Opinion Paper:“So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy," International journal of information management, vol. 71, p. 102642, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
S. Noy and W. Zhang, "Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence," Science, vol. 381, no. 6654, pp. 187-192, Jul 14 2023, doi: 10.1126/science.adh2586. DOI:10.1126/science.adh2586
E. Brynjolfsson, D. Li, and L. Raymond, "Generative AI at work," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 889-942, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae044
A. M. Bettayeb, M. Abu Talib, A. Z. Sobhe Altayasinah, and F. Dakalbab, "Exploring the impact of ChatGPT: conversational AI in education," in Frontiers in Education, 2024, vol. 9: Frontiers Media SA, p. 1379796. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1379796
A. M. Hasanein and A. E. E. Sobaih, "Drivers and consequences of ChatGPT use in higher education: Key stakeholder perspectives," European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 2599-2614, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110181
S. Mahapatra, "Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: A mixed methods intervention study," Smart Learning Environments, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 9, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9
H. Jo and D.-H. Park, "AI in the workplace: Examining the effects of ChatGPT on information support and knowledge acquisition," International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, vol. 40, no. 23, pp. 8091-8106, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2278283
T. C. Brown, P. O’Kane, B. Mazumdar, and M. McCracken, "Performance management: A scoping review of the literature and an agenda for future research," Human Resource Development Review, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 47-82, 2019. DOI:10.1177/1534484318798533
A. S. DeNisi and K. R. Murphy, "Performance appraisal and performance management: 100 years of progress?," J Appl Psychol, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 421-433, Mar 2017, doi: 10.1037/apl0000085. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000085
S. Bankins, A. C. Ocampo, M. Marrone, S. L. D. Restubog, and S. E. Woo, "A multilevel review of artificial intelligence in organizations: Implications for organizational behavior research and practice," Journal of organizational behavior, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 159-182, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2735
G. Fragiadakis, C. Diou, G. Kousiouris, and M. Nikolaidou, "Evaluating human-ai collaboration: A review and methodological framework," arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.19098, 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19098
A. Przegalinska, T. Triantoro, A. Kovbasiuk, L. Ciechanowski, R. B. Freeman, and K. Sowa, "Collaborative AI in the workplace: Enhancing organizational performance through resource-based and task-technology fit perspectives," International Journal of Information Management, vol. 81, p. 102853, 2025.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102853
Y. Liu and Y. Li, "Does human-AI collaboration promote or hinder employees’ safety performance? A job demands-resources perspective," Safety Science, vol. 188, p. 106872, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106872
J. Senoner, S. Schallmoser, B. Kratzwald, S. Feuerriegel, and T. Netland, "Explainable AI improves task performance in human-AI collaboration," Sci Rep, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 31150, Dec 28 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82501-9
S. Berretta, A. Tausch, G. Ontrup, B. Gilles, C. Peifer, and A. Kluge, "Defining human-AI teaming the human-centered way: a scoping review and network analysis," Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, vol. 6, p. 1250725, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1250725
Y. Wen, J. Wang, and X. Chen, "Trust and AI weight: human-AI collaboration in organizational management decision-making," Frontiers in Organizational Psychology, vol. 3, p. 1419403, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/forgp.2025.1419403
Y. Y. Liao, E. Soltani, A. Iqbal, and R. van der Meer, "The utility of performance review systems: a total quality management perspective," Strategic Change, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 287-310, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2580
L. Babashahi et al., "AI in the workplace: A systematic review of skill transformation in the industry," Administrative Sciences, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 127, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14060127
S. Morandini, F. Fraboni, M. De Angelis, G. Puzzo, D. Giusino, and L. Pietrantoni, "The impact of artificial intelligence on workers’ skills: Upskilling and reskilling in organisations," Informing Science, vol. 26, pp. 39-68, 2023. https://doi.org/10.28945/5078
D. Tranfield, D. Denyer, and P. Smart, "Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review," British journal of management, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 207-222, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
S. Zhang, A. H. A. Hamid, and B. S. Alias, "A Study on Research Performance Evaluation: A Systematic Literature Review," Journal of Scientometric Research, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 383-398, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5530/jscires.20251910
P. Varsha, A. Chakraborty, and A. K. Kar, "How to undertake an impactful literature review: Understanding review approaches and guidelines for high-impact systematic literature reviews," South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 18-35, 2024. DOI:10.1177/22779779241227654
C. Mio, A. Costantini, and S. Panfilo, "Performance measurement tools for sustainable business: A systematic literature review on the sustainability balanced scorecard use," Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 367-384, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2206
A. Cebulla and Z. Szpak, "Workplace Relations with AI in Mind: What Is Likely to Change?," in The Future of Work and Technology: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2023, pp. 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003393757-8
M. Mitchell, "Why AI is harder than we think," arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.12871, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.12871
Woodruff, Allison, et al. "How knowledge workers think generative ai will (not) transform their industries." Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2024.https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.364270
J. Howard, "Artificial intelligence: Implications for the future of work," Am J Ind Med, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 917-926, Nov 2019, doi: 10.1002/ajim.23037. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23037
A. Zirar, S. I. Ali, and N. Islam, "Worker and workplace Artificial Intelligence (AI) coexistence: Emerging themes and research agenda," Technovation, vol. 124, p. 102747, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102747
M. I. Biswas, M. S. Talukder, and A. R. Khan, "Who do you choose? Employees' perceptions of artificial intelligence versus humans in performance feedback," China Accounting and Finance Review, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 512-532, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAFR-08-2023-0095
I. do Carmo Lameque, M. J. P. Velez, and C. M. D. A. Botelho, "Purposes of performance appraisal: A systematic review and agenda for future research," International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., vol. 8, no. 7, p. 40, 2023. DOI:10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i7.2274
R. Bukartaite and D. Hooper, "Automation, artificial intelligence and future skills needs: an Irish perspective," European Journal of Training and Development, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 163-185, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-03-2023-0045
K. R. Murphy, "Performance evaluation will not die, but it should," Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 13-31, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12259
H. G. Óskarsdóttir, G. V. Oddsson, J. Þ. Sturluson, and R. J. Sæmundsson, "Towards a holistic framework of knowledge worker productivity," Administrative sciences, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 50, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12020050
M. Cosa and R. Torelli, "Digital transformation and flexible performance management: A systematic literature review of the evolution of performance measurement systems," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 445-466, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-024-00409-9
H. Sandall, L. M. C. e. Silva, and F. Queiroga, "A comprehensive approach to job performance in the service sector: A systematic literature review," BAR-Brazilian Administration Review, vol. 19, no. 02, p. e210046, 2022. DOI:10.1590/1807-7692bar2022210046
H. M. Alzoubi, M. In'airat, and G. Ahmed, "Investigating the impact of total quality management practices and Six Sigma processes to enhance the quality and reduce the cost of quality: the case of Dubai," International journal of business excellence, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 94-109, 2022. DOI:10.1504/IJBEX.2020.10039342
N. Khan, Z. Khan, A. Koubaa, M. K. Khan, and R. B. Salleh, "Global insights and the impact of generative AI-ChatGPT on multidisciplinary: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis," Connection science, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 2353630, 2024. DOI:10.36227/techrxiv.171466626.67294030/v1
J. Dempere, K. Modugu, A. Hesham, and L. K. Ramasamy, "The impact of ChatGPT on higher education," in Frontiers in Education, 2023, vol. 8: Frontiers Media SA, p. 1206936. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1206936
L. Isiaku, A. S. Muhammad, H. I. Kefas, and F. C. Ukaegbu, "Enhancing technological sustainability in academia: leveraging ChatGPT for teaching, learning and evaluation," Quality Education for All, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 385-416, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1108/QEA-07-2024-0055