Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates how AR try-on functionalities affect consumer purchase behaviors in terms of psychological empowerment processes and uses AI recommendation attributes as boundary conditions. Drawing on skill acquisition theory and dual-process theory, this study hypothesizes a dual-pathway model in which AR interactivity influences perceived control, AR immersion influences perceived value, and both perceptual phenomena influence purchase intention positively. Using the techniques of structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis, data were collected from 500 Chinese consumers through three major e-commerce platforms (Tmall, JD.com, Dewu). The results show that perceived control is a mediator between AR interactivity and purchase intention (indirect effect = 0.406, 95% CI [0.324, 0.495]), and perceived value is a mediator of the relationship between AR immersion and purchase intention (indirect effect = 0.474, 95% CI [0.389, 0.566]). AI-AR integration level significantly enhances the interactivity-control pathway (Δχ2 = 12.87, p <.001), while AI feedback timeliness amplifies the immersion-value pathway (Δχ2 = 10.34, p <.001). These findings imply that the combinations of AR and AI technologies have impacts on consumer decision-making and that the characteristics of AI technology act as boundary conditions. This research has theoretical implications for technology-based consumer empowerment and provides some usable advice on how to better integrate AR-AI technology in online shopping.
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Article Details
References
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- Irshad, W., Zhou, E., Rasheed, H. M. W., & Mumtaz, M. U. (2025). Augmented Reality in the Retail Outlet: Shaping the Retail Shopping Experience—A Cross‐Cultural Study. Journal of Consumer Behaviour.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2483
- Kumar, H., & Srivastava, R. (2022). Exploring the role of augmented reality in online impulse behaviour. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 50(10), 1281-1301. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-11-2021-0535
- McLean, G., & Wilson, A. (2019). Shopping in the digital world: Examining customer engagement through augmented reality mobile applications. Computers in human behavior, 101, 210-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.002
- Yim, M. Y. C., Chu, S. C., & Sauer, P. L. (2017). Is augmented reality technology an effective tool for e-commerce? An interactivity and vividness perspective. Journal of interactive marketing, 39(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2017.04.001
- Javornik, A. (2016). Augmented reality: Research agenda for studying the impact of its media characteristics on consumer behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 252-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.02.004
- Li, H., Daugherty, T., & Biocca, F. (2002). Impact of 3-D advertising on product knowledge, brand attitude, and purchase intention: The mediating role of presence. Journal of advertising, 31(3), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2002.10673675
- Romano, B., Sands, S., & Pallant, J. I. (2021). Augmented reality and the customer journey: An exploratory study. Australasian Marketing Journal, 29(4), 354-363. DOI:10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.06.010
- Rauschnabel, P. A., Felix, R., Hinsch, C., Shahab, H., & Alt, F. (2022). What is XR? Towards a framework for augmented and virtual reality. Computers in human behavior, 133, 107289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107289
- Yin, J., Qiu, X., & Wang, Y. (2025). The Impact of AI-Personalized Recommendations on Clicking Intentions: Evidence from Chinese E-Commerce. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 20(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20010021
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- Bonnefon, J. F., & Rahwan, I. (2020). Machine thinking, fast and slow. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(12), 1019-1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.007
- Ferreira, M. B., Garcia-Marques, L., Sherman, S. J., & Sherman, J. W. (2006). Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(5), 797. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.797
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- Wang, C., Liu, T., Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Wang, X., & Zhao, S. (2023). The influence of consumer perception on purchase intention: Evidence from cross-border E-commerce platforms. Heliyon, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21617
- Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of marketing, 52(3), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251446
- Yoon, N., & Lee, H. K. (2021). AI recommendation service acceptance: Assessing the effects of perceived empathy and need for cognition. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(5), 1912-1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050107
- Govea, J., Gutierrez, R., & Villegas-Ch, W. (2024). Transparency and precision in the age of AI: evaluation of explainability-enhanced recommendation systems. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1410790. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1410790
- Zerilli, J., Bhatt, U., & Weller, A. (2022). How transparency modulates trust in artificial intelligence. Patterns, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100455
- Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (p. 197). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
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- Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In Handbook of market research (pp. 587-632). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15
- Baumgartner, H., & Weijters, B. (2017). Measurement models for marketing constructs. In Handbook of marketing decision models (pp. 259-295). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56941-3_9
- Yi, M., Chen, M., & Yang, J. (2024). Understanding the self-perceived customer experience and repurchase intention in live streaming shopping: evidence from China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02690-6
- Peddamukkula, P. K. (2024). Immersive Customer Engagement_The Impact of AR and VR Technologies on Consumer Behavior and Brand Loyalty. International Journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Communication, 7(4), 9118-9127. https://doi.org/10.15680/a0199994
- Singh, P., Khoshaim, L., Nuwisser, B., & Alhassan, I. (2024). How information technology (it) is shaping consumer behavior in the digital age: a systematic review and future research directions. Sustainability, 16(4), 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041556
- Chandra, S., Verma, S., Lim, W. M., Kumar, S., & Donthu, N. (2022). Personalization in personalized marketing: Trends and ways forward. Psychology & Marketing, 39(8), 1529-1562. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21670
- Flavián, C., Ibáñez-Sánchez, S., & Orús, C. (2021). The influence of scent on virtual reality experiences: The role of aroma-content congruence. Journal of Business Research, 123, 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.036
- Muñoz Leiva, F., Rodríguez López, M. E., & García Martí, B. (2022). Discovering prominent themes of the application of eye tracking technology in marketing research. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.211516fm
- Adawiyah, S. R., Purwandari, B., Eitiveni, I., & Purwaningsih, E. H. (2024). The influence of AI and AR technology in personalized recommendations on customer usage intention: a case study of cosmetic products on shopee. Applied Sciences, 14(13), 5786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135786
- Lim, S. E., & Kim, M. (2025). AI-powered personalized recommendations and pricing: Moderating effects of ethical AI and consumer empowerment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 130, 104259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104259
- Schmidt, P., Biessmann, F., & Teubner, T. (2020). Transparency and trust in artificial intelligence systems. Journal of Decision Systems, 29(4), 260-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2020.1819094
References
Cunha, M. N. (2025). Transforming Online Retail: the impact of augmented and virtual reality on consumer engagement and experience in e-commerce in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5(3), e4816-e4816. https://doi.org/10.70101/ussmad.1630528
Irshad, W., Zhou, E., Rasheed, H. M. W., & Mumtaz, M. U. (2025). Augmented Reality in the Retail Outlet: Shaping the Retail Shopping Experience—A Cross‐Cultural Study. Journal of Consumer Behaviour.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2483
Kumar, H., & Srivastava, R. (2022). Exploring the role of augmented reality in online impulse behaviour. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 50(10), 1281-1301. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-11-2021-0535
McLean, G., & Wilson, A. (2019). Shopping in the digital world: Examining customer engagement through augmented reality mobile applications. Computers in human behavior, 101, 210-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.002
Yim, M. Y. C., Chu, S. C., & Sauer, P. L. (2017). Is augmented reality technology an effective tool for e-commerce? An interactivity and vividness perspective. Journal of interactive marketing, 39(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2017.04.001
Javornik, A. (2016). Augmented reality: Research agenda for studying the impact of its media characteristics on consumer behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 252-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.02.004
Li, H., Daugherty, T., & Biocca, F. (2002). Impact of 3-D advertising on product knowledge, brand attitude, and purchase intention: The mediating role of presence. Journal of advertising, 31(3), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2002.10673675
Romano, B., Sands, S., & Pallant, J. I. (2021). Augmented reality and the customer journey: An exploratory study. Australasian Marketing Journal, 29(4), 354-363. DOI:10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.06.010
Rauschnabel, P. A., Felix, R., Hinsch, C., Shahab, H., & Alt, F. (2022). What is XR? Towards a framework for augmented and virtual reality. Computers in human behavior, 133, 107289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107289
Yin, J., Qiu, X., & Wang, Y. (2025). The Impact of AI-Personalized Recommendations on Clicking Intentions: Evidence from Chinese E-Commerce. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 20(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20010021
Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human performance. https://ia801502.us.archive.org/8/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.461945/2015.461945.Human-Performance_text.pdf
Bonnefon, J. F., & Rahwan, I. (2020). Machine thinking, fast and slow. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(12), 1019-1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.007
Ferreira, M. B., Garcia-Marques, L., Sherman, S. J., & Sherman, J. W. (2006). Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(5), 797. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.797
Hollebeek, L. D., Menidjel, C., Sarstedt, M., Jansson, J., & Urbonavicius, S. (2024). Engaging consumers through artificially intelligent technologies: Systematic review, conceptual model, and further research. Psychology & Marketing, 41(4), 880-898.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21957
Shin, D. (2021). The effects of explainability and causability on perception, trust, and acceptance: Implications for explainable AI. International journal of human-computer studies, 146, 102551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102551
Skinner, E. A. (1996). A guide to constructs of control. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(3), 549. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.549
Kim, J. H., Kim, M., Park, M., & Yoo, J. (2023). Immersive interactive technologies and virtual shopping experiences: Differences in consumer perceptions between augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). Telematics and Informatics, 77, 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101936
Wang, C., Liu, T., Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Wang, X., & Zhao, S. (2023). The influence of consumer perception on purchase intention: Evidence from cross-border E-commerce platforms. Heliyon, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21617
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of marketing, 52(3), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251446
Yoon, N., & Lee, H. K. (2021). AI recommendation service acceptance: Assessing the effects of perceived empathy and need for cognition. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(5), 1912-1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050107
Govea, J., Gutierrez, R., & Villegas-Ch, W. (2024). Transparency and precision in the age of AI: evaluation of explainability-enhanced recommendation systems. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1410790. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1410790
Zerilli, J., Bhatt, U., & Weller, A. (2022). How transparency modulates trust in artificial intelligence. Patterns, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100455
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (p. 197). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Wathanakom, N. Structural Equation Modelling in Marketing: A Systematic Review of Methods and Models. In Proceedings of The 23rd European Conference on Research Methods in Business and Management. Academic Conferences and publishing limited. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecrm.24.1.3635
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In Handbook of market research (pp. 587-632). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15
Baumgartner, H., & Weijters, B. (2017). Measurement models for marketing constructs. In Handbook of marketing decision models (pp. 259-295). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56941-3_9
Yi, M., Chen, M., & Yang, J. (2024). Understanding the self-perceived customer experience and repurchase intention in live streaming shopping: evidence from China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02690-6
Peddamukkula, P. K. (2024). Immersive Customer Engagement_The Impact of AR and VR Technologies on Consumer Behavior and Brand Loyalty. International Journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Communication, 7(4), 9118-9127. https://doi.org/10.15680/a0199994
Singh, P., Khoshaim, L., Nuwisser, B., & Alhassan, I. (2024). How information technology (it) is shaping consumer behavior in the digital age: a systematic review and future research directions. Sustainability, 16(4), 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041556
Chandra, S., Verma, S., Lim, W. M., Kumar, S., & Donthu, N. (2022). Personalization in personalized marketing: Trends and ways forward. Psychology & Marketing, 39(8), 1529-1562. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21670
Flavián, C., Ibáñez-Sánchez, S., & Orús, C. (2021). The influence of scent on virtual reality experiences: The role of aroma-content congruence. Journal of Business Research, 123, 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.036
Muñoz Leiva, F., Rodríguez López, M. E., & García Martí, B. (2022). Discovering prominent themes of the application of eye tracking technology in marketing research. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.211516fm
Adawiyah, S. R., Purwandari, B., Eitiveni, I., & Purwaningsih, E. H. (2024). The influence of AI and AR technology in personalized recommendations on customer usage intention: a case study of cosmetic products on shopee. Applied Sciences, 14(13), 5786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135786
Lim, S. E., & Kim, M. (2025). AI-powered personalized recommendations and pricing: Moderating effects of ethical AI and consumer empowerment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 130, 104259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104259
Schmidt, P., Biessmann, F., & Teubner, T. (2020). Transparency and trust in artificial intelligence systems. Journal of Decision Systems, 29(4), 260-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2020.1819094