A Review of methodologies for analyzing thermal comfort in urban pedestrian pathways
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohammad Arabi
Future Energy,
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): May 2023 Issue
Abstract
According to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, thermal comfort is a subjective evaluation of thermal environment satisfaction. Therefore, the most challenging issue about thermal comfort is the assessment by subjective evaluation and addressing the case as a mental condition. Hence, The primary goal of the study is to determine which of the well-known thermal comfort indices is most suited for studying urban pedestrian movement. The present research method is based on the study of a wide range of research related to climatic comfort on the scale of urban space. The research has a review character and is set to analyze the different indices comparatively. In the analytical approach, the most significant factors which are compared are 1- PMV (predicted mean vote), 2- P4SR (four-hour predicted transpiration index), 3- HSI (heat stress index), 4- SET (standard effective temperature), 5- E.T.* (new effective temperature), 6- PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) and 7- PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature). The results show each component's advantages and disadvantages in analyzing thermal comfort in urban pedestrian pathways. The findings also underscored the importance of incorporating mixed methodologies to assist designers in making more accurate selections during urban planning. The most difficult issues that should be reconsidered in order to gain a better understanding of thermal comfort as an "adaptive" issue in urban pedestrian pathways are 1- Resetting the reference temperatures, 2- Readdressing the equations for upper and lower limits, 3- Providing more comprehensive databases (age, weight, gender, and thermal history), and 4- Reprogramming the acceptable temperature ranges based on individual expectations. Controls, layout, airflow, and humidity, among other design considerations, would be better emphasized by urban designers.
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- United Nations. (2020). Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/
- Golden, J. S. (2004). The built environment induced urban heat island effect in rapidly urbanizing regions{a sustainable urban engineering complexity. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 1(4), 321-349. doi:10.1080/15693430412331291698
- Jamei, E. (2016). Impact of urban development on the microclimate and pedestrian thermal comfort in Melbourne. PhD thesis, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319151501_Impact_of_urban_development_on_the_microclimate_and_pedestrian_thermal_comfort_in_Melbourne
- Science for Environment Policy. (2015). Indicators for sustainable cities. Eur. Commission. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2779/61700.
- Shaikh Salim, sheikh Ahmad Zaki & Othman, Nurnida & Syahidah, Siti & Yakub, Fitri & Muhammad-Sukki, Firdaus & Ardila-Rey, Jorge & Shahidan, Mohd & Mohd Saudi, Ahmad Shakir. (2020). Effects of Urban Morphology on Microclimate Parameters in an Urban University Campus. Sustainability, 12, 1-17. doi:2962. 10.3390/su12072962.
- Gagge, AP & Fobelets, A.P. & Berglund, L. (1986). A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment. ASHRAE Transactions 92. https://www.aivc.org/resource/standard-predictive-index-human-response-thermal-environment
- Fanger PO. Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1973;30:313-324. https://oem.bmj.com/content/30/4/313.citation-tools
- Thomson, M., G. Herrera Ricardo and M. Beniston, 2008, Seasonal forecasts, climatic change and human health: health and climate, Springer Science, Business Media B.V,232.
- ASHRAE 55 (2010), ANSI/Ashrae Standard 55-2010, Ashrae Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta, Ga, USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy
- Golbabaei, Farideh & Monazzam, Mohammad & Hemmatjo, Rasoul & Hosseini, Mostafa & Farhang Dehghan, Somayeh. (2013). The Assessment of Heat Stress and Heat Strain in Pardis Petrochemical Complex, Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene. 5. 6-11. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235892867_The_Assessment_of_Heat_Stress_and_Heat_Strain_in_Pardis_Petrochemical_Complex_Tehran_Iran
- Watts, Jill & Kalkstein, Laurence. (2004). The Development of a Warm-Weather Relative Stress Index for Environmental Applications. Journal of Applied Meteorology - J APPL METEOROL. 43. 503-513. 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0503:TDOAWR>2.0.CO;2.
- Gagge, A. P., Fobelets, A. P., Berglund, L. G. (1986) A standard predictive index of Human response to the thermal environment. ASHRAE Trans; vol. 92 pp: 709-731.
- Nicol, F., & Humphreys, M. (2010). Derivation of the adaptive equations for thermal comfort in free-running buildings in European standard EN15251. Building and environment, 45(1), pp.11-17.
- Salmanian, M., & Ujang, N. (2021). EMERGING NEED FOR MICRO-CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS IN URBAN DESIGN PROCESS: A REVIEW. Jurnal Teknologi, 84(1), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.15111
- ISO 7730. (2005) Ergonomics of the thermal environment-analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria international standard organization, Geneva. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:7730:ed-3:v1:en
- Höppe, P. The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol 43, 71–75 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118.
- Kleerekoper, L. (2016). Urban Climate Design: Improving thermal comfort in Dutch neighbourhoods. A+BE | Architecture and the Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2016.11.
- Allen, Melissa & Rose, Amy & New, Joshua & Omitaomu, Olufemi & Yuan, Jiangye & Branstetter, Marcia & Sylvester, Linda & Seals, Matthew & Carvalhaes, Thomaz & Adams, Mark & Bhandari, Mahabir & Shrestha, Som & Sanyal, Jibonananda & Berres, Anne & Kolosna, C. (2020). Impacts of the morphology of new neighbourhoods on microclimate and building energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110030.
- Arif, Victorina and Yola, Lin. (2020). The Primacy of Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in a Walkability Study in the Tropics: A Review. Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 3, 1-11. doi:10.7454/jsgs.v3i1.1025
References
United Nations. (2020). Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/
Golden, J. S. (2004). The built environment induced urban heat island effect in rapidly urbanizing regions{a sustainable urban engineering complexity. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 1(4), 321-349. doi:10.1080/15693430412331291698
Jamei, E. (2016). Impact of urban development on the microclimate and pedestrian thermal comfort in Melbourne. PhD thesis, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319151501_Impact_of_urban_development_on_the_microclimate_and_pedestrian_thermal_comfort_in_Melbourne
Science for Environment Policy. (2015). Indicators for sustainable cities. Eur. Commission. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2779/61700.
Shaikh Salim, sheikh Ahmad Zaki & Othman, Nurnida & Syahidah, Siti & Yakub, Fitri & Muhammad-Sukki, Firdaus & Ardila-Rey, Jorge & Shahidan, Mohd & Mohd Saudi, Ahmad Shakir. (2020). Effects of Urban Morphology on Microclimate Parameters in an Urban University Campus. Sustainability, 12, 1-17. doi:2962. 10.3390/su12072962.
Gagge, AP & Fobelets, A.P. & Berglund, L. (1986). A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment. ASHRAE Transactions 92. https://www.aivc.org/resource/standard-predictive-index-human-response-thermal-environment
Fanger PO. Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1973;30:313-324. https://oem.bmj.com/content/30/4/313.citation-tools
Thomson, M., G. Herrera Ricardo and M. Beniston, 2008, Seasonal forecasts, climatic change and human health: health and climate, Springer Science, Business Media B.V,232.
ASHRAE 55 (2010), ANSI/Ashrae Standard 55-2010, Ashrae Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta, Ga, USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy
Golbabaei, Farideh & Monazzam, Mohammad & Hemmatjo, Rasoul & Hosseini, Mostafa & Farhang Dehghan, Somayeh. (2013). The Assessment of Heat Stress and Heat Strain in Pardis Petrochemical Complex, Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene. 5. 6-11. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235892867_The_Assessment_of_Heat_Stress_and_Heat_Strain_in_Pardis_Petrochemical_Complex_Tehran_Iran
Watts, Jill & Kalkstein, Laurence. (2004). The Development of a Warm-Weather Relative Stress Index for Environmental Applications. Journal of Applied Meteorology - J APPL METEOROL. 43. 503-513. 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0503:TDOAWR>2.0.CO;2.
Gagge, A. P., Fobelets, A. P., Berglund, L. G. (1986) A standard predictive index of Human response to the thermal environment. ASHRAE Trans; vol. 92 pp: 709-731.
Nicol, F., & Humphreys, M. (2010). Derivation of the adaptive equations for thermal comfort in free-running buildings in European standard EN15251. Building and environment, 45(1), pp.11-17.
Salmanian, M., & Ujang, N. (2021). EMERGING NEED FOR MICRO-CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS IN URBAN DESIGN PROCESS: A REVIEW. Jurnal Teknologi, 84(1), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.15111
ISO 7730. (2005) Ergonomics of the thermal environment-analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria international standard organization, Geneva. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:7730:ed-3:v1:en
Höppe, P. The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol 43, 71–75 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118.
Kleerekoper, L. (2016). Urban Climate Design: Improving thermal comfort in Dutch neighbourhoods. A+BE | Architecture and the Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2016.11.
Allen, Melissa & Rose, Amy & New, Joshua & Omitaomu, Olufemi & Yuan, Jiangye & Branstetter, Marcia & Sylvester, Linda & Seals, Matthew & Carvalhaes, Thomaz & Adams, Mark & Bhandari, Mahabir & Shrestha, Som & Sanyal, Jibonananda & Berres, Anne & Kolosna, C. (2020). Impacts of the morphology of new neighbourhoods on microclimate and building energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110030.
Arif, Victorina and Yola, Lin. (2020). The Primacy of Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in a Walkability Study in the Tropics: A Review. Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 3, 1-11. doi:10.7454/jsgs.v3i1.1025