Main Article Content
Abstract
The study of alternative energy sources has accelerated over the years. Further investigation of alternative energy sources is important for reasons that are unknown and unthought about by people around the world. Many sources of energy that are not renewable energy sources are harmful to the environment and are causing a high rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. If society would learn more about the increase of carbon emissions and their effects on the environment, then there could be a drop in these emissions. Transportation has been one of the largest sectors of GHG emissions and has not seen a large enough decrease to be substantial enough to better the environment. The transportation sector of the GHG emissions could be easily fixed with the use of hydrogen fuel cells or battery electric vehicles. The idea of fuel cell and battery electric cars has been around for decades but has only recently become popular. The increase in these vehicles will cause a decrease in greenhouse gasses produced by transportation. This paper compares hydrogen fuel cell and battery electric vehicles economically and environmentally.
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Article Details
References
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- Thomas Bacquart, Karine Arrhenius, Stefan Persijn, Andrés Rojo, Fabien Auprêtre, Bruno Gozlan, Niamh Moore, Abigail Morris, Andreas Fischer, Arul Murugan, Sam Bartlett, Guillaume Doucet, François Laridant, Eric Gernot, Teresa E. Fernández, Concepción Gómez, Martine Carré, Guy De Reals, Frederique Haloua, Hydrogen fuel quality from two main production processes: Steam methane reforming and proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 444, 2019, 227170, ISSN 0378-7753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227170.
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References
Eberle, U., Müller, B., & von Helmolt, R. (2012). Fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure: Status 2012. Energy & Environmental Science, 5(10), 8780. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22596d
Brey, J. J., Carazo, A. F., & Brey, R. (2018). Exploring the marketability of fuel cell electric vehicles in terms of infrastructure and hydrogen costs in Spain. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2893–2899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.042
A Review of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies: Diesel Engine Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
Environmental Protection Agency. Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Green Vehicle Guide. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions (accessed on 3 March 2022).
Wang, Yongqiang & Moura, Scott & Advani, Suresh & Prasad, Ajay. (2019). Power management system for a fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle incorporating fuel cell and battery degradation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 44. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.003.
Van Mierlo, J., & Maggetto, G. (2007). Fuel cell or battery: Electric cars are the future. Fuel Cells, 7(2), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200600052.
C.E. Thomas, Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 34, Issue 15, 2009, Pages 6005-6020, ISSN 0360-3199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.003. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319909008696).
Habib, AKM Rubaiyat Reza, and Karyssa Butler. Alternatives to lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Future Technology 1.1 (2022): 33-34. DOI: 10.55670/fpll.futech.1.1.5.
Brenda Johnston, Michael C. Mayo, Anshuman Khare, Hydrogen: the energy source for the 21st century, Technovation, Volume 25, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 569-585, ISSN 0166-4972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2003.11.005.
Roberto Álvarez Fernández, Fernando Beltrán Cilleruelo, Iñaki Villar Martínez, A new approach to battery powered electric vehicles: A hydrogen fuel-cell-based range extender system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 41, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 4808-4819, ISSN 0360-3199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.01.035.
Manoharan Y, Hosseini SE, Butler B, Alzhahrani H, Senior BTF, Ashuri T, Krohn J. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles; Current Status and Future Prospect. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(11):2296. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9112296
Kromer M, Heywood J. Electric powertrains: opportunities and challenges in the U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet. Sloan Automotive Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Publication No. LFEE 2007-03 RP, May 2007.
C. Padro, V. Putsche, Survey of Economics of Hydrogen Technologies, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Study NREL/TP-570-27079, 1999.
Eaves, S., & Eaves, J. (2004). A cost comparison of fuel-cell and battery electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 130(1-2), 208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.016.
Annual Energy Outlook. US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration Report # DOE/EIA 0383 (2009). Available at: <http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/index.html>.
Fleur La, Christine Angela, Muna Alice Baca, Groth Katrina M. Application of quantitative risk assessment for performance-based permitting of hydrogen fueling stations. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2017;42(11):7529e35.
Itaoka K, Saito A, Sasaki K. Public perception on hydrogen infrastructure in Japan: influence of rollout of commercial fuel cell vehicles. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2017;42(11):7290e6.
McDowall J. Integrating energy storage with wind power in weak electricity grids. Journal of Power Sources 2006; 162:959–64.
Tanç, Bahattin & Arat, Hüseyin & Baltacioğlu, Ertuğrul & Aydin, Kadir. (2018). Overview of the next quarter century vision of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 44. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.112.
Hameş, Yakup & Kaya, Kemal & Baltacıoğlu, Ertuğrul & Türksoy, Arzu. (2018). Analysis of the control strategies for fuel saving in the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 43. 10810-10821. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.150.
L. Athanasopoulou, H. Bikas, P. Stavropoulos, Comparative Well-to-Wheel Emissions Assessment of Internal Combustion Engine and Battery Electric Vehicles, Procedia CIRP, Volume 78, 2018, Pages 25-30, ISSN 2212-8271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.169.
Greenblatt JB, Succar S, Denkenberger DC, Williams RH, Socolow RH. Baseload wind energy: modeling the competition between gas turbines and compressed air energy storage for supplemental generation. Energy Policy 2007; 35:1474–92.
Moriokaa Y, Narukawab S, Itou T. State-of-the-art of alkaline rechargeable batteries. Journal of Power Sources 2001; 100:107–16.
Abdorreza Rabiee, Hossein Khorramdel, Jamshid Aghaei, RETRACTED: A review of energy storage systems in microgrids with wind turbines, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 18, 2013, Pages 316-326, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.039.
Wen Z, Cao J, Gu Z, Xu X, Zhang F, Lin Z. Research on sodium sulfur battery for energy storage. Solid State Ionics 2008; 179:1697–701.
Bito A Overview of the sodium–sulfur battery for the IEEE stationary battery committee. In: IEEE power engineering society general meeting. 2005.
NGK Insulators Ltd. website, /http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/S (accessed 18.04.22).
Jalal Kazempour S, Parsa Moghaddam M, Haghifam MR, Yousefi GR. Electric energy storage systems in a market-based economy: comparison of emerging and traditional technologies. Renewable Energy 2009; 34:2630–9.
Wakihara M. Recent developments in lithium-ion batteries. Materials Science and Engineering 2001; 33:109–34.
Adachi K, Tajima H, Hashimoto T. Development of 16 kW h power storage system applying Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources 2003;11(119–21):897–901.
Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, April 13). Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery
Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 Battery. evlithium limited. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.evlithium.com/LiFePO4-Battery/
Li, Wangda; Lee, Steven; Manthiram, Arumugam (2020). "High-Nickel NMA: A Cobalt-Free Alternative to NMC and NCA Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries". Advanced Materials. 32 (33).
Building safer Li-Ion Batteries. High-Performance Custom Battery Packs & Battery Chargers. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.custompower.com/articles.php?id=27
Ping, Weiwei; Yang, Chunpeng; Bao, Yinhua; Wang, Chengwei; Xie, Hua; Hitz, Emily; Cheng, Jian; Li, Teng; Hu, Liangbing (September 2019). "A silicon anode for garnet-based all-solid-state batteries: Interfaces and nanomechanics". Energy Storage Materials. 21: 246–252. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.024.
Zhou, Weidong & Li, Yutao & Xin, Sen & Goodenough, John. (2017). Rechargeable Sodium All-Solid-State Battery. ACS Central Science. 3. 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00321.
Thomas Bacquart, Karine Arrhenius, Stefan Persijn, Andrés Rojo, Fabien Auprêtre, Bruno Gozlan, Niamh Moore, Abigail Morris, Andreas Fischer, Arul Murugan, Sam Bartlett, Guillaume Doucet, François Laridant, Eric Gernot, Teresa E. Fernández, Concepción Gómez, Martine Carré, Guy De Reals, Frederique Haloua, Hydrogen fuel quality from two main production processes: Steam methane reforming and proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 444, 2019, 227170, ISSN 0378-7753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227170.
A. Ajanovic, M. Sayer, R. Haas, The economics and the environmental benignity of different colors of hydrogen, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, ISSN 0360-3199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.094.
Offer, Gregory & Howey, David & Contestabile, Marcello & Clague, R. & Brandon, N.P. (2010). Comparative analysis of battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in a future sustainable road transport system. Energy Policy. 38. 24-29. 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.040.