Review of different vertical axis wind turbine modeling methods
Corresponding Author(s) : Rahim Zahedi
Future Energy,
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): February 2024 Issue
Abstract
Wind energy can be used as an inexhaustible option for human consumption. Wind turbines offer a promising solution for off-grid areas. Darrieus turbine is one of the types of turbines that can be more efficient than other types if it is used by knowing its characteristics. The complex dynamic mechanism of the flow around the machine has led to its aerodynamic optimization problems remaining complex. This article reviews the applied methods in modeling vertical axis turbines and implicitly shows the turbine operation by presenting the results of these methods. Knowing these methods is important because each has its advantages and disadvantages and should be selected depending on the purpose of the research. One of the problems with Darrieus turbines is their poor start-up, which has been little researched so far. Finally, a suitable method that can model the start-up is introduced.
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- Pishgar-Komleh, S., A. Keyhani, and P. Sefeedpari, Wind speed and power density analysis based on Weibull and Rayleigh distributions (a case study: Firouzkooh county of Iran). Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2015. 42: p. 313-322.
- Moosavian, S.F., R. Zahedi, and A. Hajinezhad, Economic, Environmental and Social Impact of Carbon Tax for Iran: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Energy Science & Engineering, 2021.
- Alom, N. and U.K. Saha, Evolution and progress in the development of savonius wind turbine rotor blade profiles and shapes. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2019. 141(3): p. 030801.
- Bhutta, M.M.A., et al., Vertical axis wind turbine–A review of various configurations and design techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012. 16(4): p. 1926-1939.
- F. Estelaji, A. A. Aghajari, and R. Zahedi, "Flood zoning and developing strategies to increase resilience against floods with a crisis management approach," Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 14-27, 2023.
- H. Pourrahmani, R. Zahedi, S. Daneshgar, and J. Van herle, "Lab-Scale Investigation of the Integrated Backup/Storage System for Wind Turbines Using Alkaline Electrolyzer," Energies, vol. 16, no. 9, p. 3761, 2023.
- Howell, R., et al., Wind tunnel and numerical study of a small vertical axis wind turbine. Renewable energy, 2010. 35(2): p. 412-422.
- Manatbayev, R., et al., Numerical simulations on static Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blade icing. Renewable Energy, 2021. 170: p. 997-1007.
- Hand, B. and A. Cashman, A review on the historical development of the lift-type vertical axis wind turbine: From onshore to offshore floating application. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2020. 38: p. 100646.
- Kim, S. and C. Cheong, Development of low-noise drag-type vertical wind turbines. Renewable energy, 2015. 79: p. 199-208.
- Zahedi, R. and A.B. Rad, Numerical and experimental simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flow in 90-degree elbow. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2021.
- Zheng, M., et al., Effect of blade number on performance of drag type vertical axis wind turbine. Applied solar energy, 2016. 52(4): p. 315-320.
- Barnes, A., D. Marshall-Cross, and B.R. Hughes, Towards a standard approach for future Vertical Axis Wind Turbine aerodynamics research and development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021. 148: p. 111221.
- El-Baz, A., K. Youssef, and M. Mohamed, Innovative improvement of a drag wind turbine performance. Renewable Energy, 2016. 86: p. 89-98.
- Saat, A.F. and N. Rosly, Aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbine. Journal of Aviation and Aerospace Technology, 2019. 1(1).
- Wong, K.H., et al., Performance enhancements on vertical axis wind turbines using flow augmentation systems: A review. Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews, 2017. 73: p. 904-921.
- Li, J., et al., Aerodynamic stability of airfoils in lift-type vertical axis wind turbine in steady solver. Renewable Energy, 2017. 111: p. 676-687.
- Saleh, A. and B.F. Feeny, Modal analysis of a vertical-axis darrieus wind turbine blade with a troposkein shape, in Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 9. 2019, Springer. p. 325-327.
- Hand, B., G. Kelly, and A. Cashman, Aerodynamic design and performance parameters of a lift-type vertical axis wind turbine: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021. 139: p. 110699.
- Zhao, Z., et al., A review: Approaches for aerodynamic performance improvement of lift-type vertical axis wind turbine. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2022. 49: p. 101789.
- Daneshgar, S. and R. Zahedi, Optimization of power and heat dual generation cycle of gas microturbines through economic, exergy and environmental analysis by bee algorithm. Energy Reports, 2022. 8: p. 1388-1396.
- Roy, L., et al., Double-Multiple Streamtube Analysis of a Flexible Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. Fluids, 2021. 6(3): p. 118.
- Chen, J., et al., A comprehensive review of the theoretical approaches for the airfoil design of lift-type vertical axis wind turbine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015. 51: p. 1709-1720.
- Loth, J., Aerodynamic tower shake force analysis for VAWT. 1985. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3267652
- Moghimi, M. and H. Motawej, Developed DMST model for performance analysis and parametric evaluation of Gorlov vertical axis wind turbines. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2020. 37: p. 100616.
- Wang, Z., Y. Wang, and M. Zhuang, Improvement of the aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines with leading-edge serrations and helical blades using CFD and Taguchi method. Energy conversion and management, 2018. 177: p. 107-121.
- Homicz, G.F., VAWT stochastic loads produced by atmospheric turbulence. 1989. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3268335
- Islam, M., D.S.-K. Ting, and A. Fartaj, Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2008. 12(4): p. 1087-1109.
- Templin, R., Aerodynamic performance theory for the NRC vertical-axis wind turbine. 1974, National Aeronautical Establishment, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada).
- M. V. Khah et al., "Optimal sizing of residential photovoltaic and battery system connected to the power grid based on the cost of energy and peak load," Heliyon, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14414
- Daneshgar, S. and R. Zahedi, Investigating the hydropower plants production and profitability using system dynamics approach. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022. 46: p. 103919.
- M. Keshavarzzadeh et al., "Estimation of NOx pollutants in a spark engine fueled by mixed methane and hydrogen using neural networks and genetic algorithm," Heliyon, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15304
- Saber, E., R. Afify, and H. Elgamal, Performance of SB-VAWT using a modified double multiple streamtube model. Alexandria engineering journal, 2018. 57(4): p. 3099-3110.
- Paraschivoiu, I., Double-multiple streamtube model for Darrieus in turbines. NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn., 1981.
- Batista, N.C., et al. Darrieus wind turbine performance prediction: Computational modeling. in Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems. 2013. Springer.
- Mandal, A., Aerodynamics and design analysis of vertical axis darrieus wind turbines. 1986, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
- Dixon, K., et al. A 3D unsteady panel method for vertical axis wind turbines. in The proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition EWEC Brussels, 1-10. 2008. European Wind Energy Association EWEA.
- Dyachuk, E. and A. Goude, Numerical validation of a vortex model against experimentaldata on a straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine. Energies, 2015. 8(10): p. 11800-11820.
- Rolin, V.F. and F. Porté-Agel, Experimental investigation of vertical-axis wind-turbine wakes in boundary layer flow. Renewable energy, 2018. 118: p. 1-13.
- Fujisawa, N. and M. Takeuchi, Flow visualization and PIV measurement of flow field around a Darrieus rotor in dynamic stall. Journal of Visualization, 1999. 1(4): p. 379-386.
- Danao, L.A., et al., A numerical investigation into the influence of unsteady wind on the performance and aerodynamics of a vertical axis wind turbine. Applied Energy, 2014. 116: p. 111-124.
- Zahedi, R. and S. Daneshgar, Exergy analysis and optimization of Rankine power and ejector refrigeration combined cycle. Energy, 2022. 240: p. 122819.
- Chowdhury, A.M., H. Akimoto, and Y. Hara, Comparative CFD analysis of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in upright and tilted configuration. Renewable Energy, 2016. 85: p. 327-337.
- M. V. Khah, R. Zahedi, M. S. Mousavi, and A. Ahmadi, "Forecasting renewable energy utilization by Iran's water and wastewater industries," Utilities Policy, vol. 82, p. 101546, 2023.
- Debnath, B.K., A. Biswas, and R. Gupta, Computational fluid dynamics analysis of a combined three-bucket Savonius and three-bladed Darrieus rotor at various overlap conditions. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable energy, 2009. 1(3): p. 033110.
- Wang, S., et al., Numerical investigations on dynamic stall of low Reynolds number flow around oscillating airfoils. Computers & fluids, 2010. 39(9): p. 1529-1541.
- Simão Ferreira, C., et al., Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine. Experiments in fluids, 2009. 46(1): p. 97-108.
- Lei, H., et al., Three-dimensional Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation of a two-bladed vertical axis wind turbine. Energy conversion and management, 2017. 133: p. 235-248.
- Shamsoddin, S. and F. Porté-Agel, A large-eddy simulation study of vertical axis wind turbine wakes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Energies, 2016. 9(5): p. 366.
- Battisti, L., et al., Experimental benchmark data for H-shaped and troposkien VAWT architectures. Renewable energy, 2018. 125: p. 425-444.
- J.-L. Menet and N. Bourabaa, "Increase in the Savonius rotors efficiency via a parametric investigation," in European Wind Energy conference & exhibition, 2004: London, UK, pp. 22-25.
- Zahedi, R., et al., Potential measurement of Iran's western regional wind energy using GIS. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022. 330: p. 129883.
- Parakkal, J.U., et al., Numerical analysis of VAWT wind turbines: Joukowski vs classical NACA rotor’s blades. Energy Procedia, 2019. 158: p. 1194-1201.
- Naccache, G. and M. Paraschivoiu, Parametric study of the dual vertical axis wind turbine using CFD. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018. 172: p. 244-255.
- Korobenko, A., et al., Aerodynamic simulation of vertical-axis wind turbines. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2014. 81(2).
- Amet, E., et al., 2D numerical simulations of blade-vortex interaction in a darrieus turbine. Journal of fluids engineering, 2009. 131(11).
- D’Alessandro, V., et al., Unsteady Aerodynamics of a Savonius wind rotor: a new computational approach for the simulation of energy performance. Energy, 2010. 35(8): p. 3349-3363.
- Jaohindy, P., et al., Numerical investigation of airflow through a Savonius rotor. Wind Energy, 2014. 17(6): p. 853-868.
- Fluent, A., Ansys Fluent 12.0 Theory Guide. ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, 2009.
- Rezaeiha, A., I. Kalkman, and B. Blocken, CFD simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine operating at a moderate tip speed ratio: Guidelines for minimum domain size and azimuthal increment. Renewable energy, 2017. 107: p. 373-385.
- Decoste, J., et al., Self-starting Darrieus wind turbine. Design Project Mech, 2004. 4020.
References
Pishgar-Komleh, S., A. Keyhani, and P. Sefeedpari, Wind speed and power density analysis based on Weibull and Rayleigh distributions (a case study: Firouzkooh county of Iran). Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2015. 42: p. 313-322.
Moosavian, S.F., R. Zahedi, and A. Hajinezhad, Economic, Environmental and Social Impact of Carbon Tax for Iran: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Energy Science & Engineering, 2021.
Alom, N. and U.K. Saha, Evolution and progress in the development of savonius wind turbine rotor blade profiles and shapes. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2019. 141(3): p. 030801.
Bhutta, M.M.A., et al., Vertical axis wind turbine–A review of various configurations and design techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012. 16(4): p. 1926-1939.
F. Estelaji, A. A. Aghajari, and R. Zahedi, "Flood zoning and developing strategies to increase resilience against floods with a crisis management approach," Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 14-27, 2023.
H. Pourrahmani, R. Zahedi, S. Daneshgar, and J. Van herle, "Lab-Scale Investigation of the Integrated Backup/Storage System for Wind Turbines Using Alkaline Electrolyzer," Energies, vol. 16, no. 9, p. 3761, 2023.
Howell, R., et al., Wind tunnel and numerical study of a small vertical axis wind turbine. Renewable energy, 2010. 35(2): p. 412-422.
Manatbayev, R., et al., Numerical simulations on static Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blade icing. Renewable Energy, 2021. 170: p. 997-1007.
Hand, B. and A. Cashman, A review on the historical development of the lift-type vertical axis wind turbine: From onshore to offshore floating application. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2020. 38: p. 100646.
Kim, S. and C. Cheong, Development of low-noise drag-type vertical wind turbines. Renewable energy, 2015. 79: p. 199-208.
Zahedi, R. and A.B. Rad, Numerical and experimental simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flow in 90-degree elbow. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2021.
Zheng, M., et al., Effect of blade number on performance of drag type vertical axis wind turbine. Applied solar energy, 2016. 52(4): p. 315-320.
Barnes, A., D. Marshall-Cross, and B.R. Hughes, Towards a standard approach for future Vertical Axis Wind Turbine aerodynamics research and development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021. 148: p. 111221.
El-Baz, A., K. Youssef, and M. Mohamed, Innovative improvement of a drag wind turbine performance. Renewable Energy, 2016. 86: p. 89-98.
Saat, A.F. and N. Rosly, Aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbine. Journal of Aviation and Aerospace Technology, 2019. 1(1).
Wong, K.H., et al., Performance enhancements on vertical axis wind turbines using flow augmentation systems: A review. Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews, 2017. 73: p. 904-921.
Li, J., et al., Aerodynamic stability of airfoils in lift-type vertical axis wind turbine in steady solver. Renewable Energy, 2017. 111: p. 676-687.
Saleh, A. and B.F. Feeny, Modal analysis of a vertical-axis darrieus wind turbine blade with a troposkein shape, in Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 9. 2019, Springer. p. 325-327.
Hand, B., G. Kelly, and A. Cashman, Aerodynamic design and performance parameters of a lift-type vertical axis wind turbine: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021. 139: p. 110699.
Zhao, Z., et al., A review: Approaches for aerodynamic performance improvement of lift-type vertical axis wind turbine. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2022. 49: p. 101789.
Daneshgar, S. and R. Zahedi, Optimization of power and heat dual generation cycle of gas microturbines through economic, exergy and environmental analysis by bee algorithm. Energy Reports, 2022. 8: p. 1388-1396.
Roy, L., et al., Double-Multiple Streamtube Analysis of a Flexible Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. Fluids, 2021. 6(3): p. 118.
Chen, J., et al., A comprehensive review of the theoretical approaches for the airfoil design of lift-type vertical axis wind turbine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015. 51: p. 1709-1720.
Loth, J., Aerodynamic tower shake force analysis for VAWT. 1985. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3267652
Moghimi, M. and H. Motawej, Developed DMST model for performance analysis and parametric evaluation of Gorlov vertical axis wind turbines. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2020. 37: p. 100616.
Wang, Z., Y. Wang, and M. Zhuang, Improvement of the aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines with leading-edge serrations and helical blades using CFD and Taguchi method. Energy conversion and management, 2018. 177: p. 107-121.
Homicz, G.F., VAWT stochastic loads produced by atmospheric turbulence. 1989. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3268335
Islam, M., D.S.-K. Ting, and A. Fartaj, Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2008. 12(4): p. 1087-1109.
Templin, R., Aerodynamic performance theory for the NRC vertical-axis wind turbine. 1974, National Aeronautical Establishment, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada).
M. V. Khah et al., "Optimal sizing of residential photovoltaic and battery system connected to the power grid based on the cost of energy and peak load," Heliyon, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14414
Daneshgar, S. and R. Zahedi, Investigating the hydropower plants production and profitability using system dynamics approach. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022. 46: p. 103919.
M. Keshavarzzadeh et al., "Estimation of NOx pollutants in a spark engine fueled by mixed methane and hydrogen using neural networks and genetic algorithm," Heliyon, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15304
Saber, E., R. Afify, and H. Elgamal, Performance of SB-VAWT using a modified double multiple streamtube model. Alexandria engineering journal, 2018. 57(4): p. 3099-3110.
Paraschivoiu, I., Double-multiple streamtube model for Darrieus in turbines. NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn., 1981.
Batista, N.C., et al. Darrieus wind turbine performance prediction: Computational modeling. in Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems. 2013. Springer.
Mandal, A., Aerodynamics and design analysis of vertical axis darrieus wind turbines. 1986, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
Dixon, K., et al. A 3D unsteady panel method for vertical axis wind turbines. in The proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition EWEC Brussels, 1-10. 2008. European Wind Energy Association EWEA.
Dyachuk, E. and A. Goude, Numerical validation of a vortex model against experimentaldata on a straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine. Energies, 2015. 8(10): p. 11800-11820.
Rolin, V.F. and F. Porté-Agel, Experimental investigation of vertical-axis wind-turbine wakes in boundary layer flow. Renewable energy, 2018. 118: p. 1-13.
Fujisawa, N. and M. Takeuchi, Flow visualization and PIV measurement of flow field around a Darrieus rotor in dynamic stall. Journal of Visualization, 1999. 1(4): p. 379-386.
Danao, L.A., et al., A numerical investigation into the influence of unsteady wind on the performance and aerodynamics of a vertical axis wind turbine. Applied Energy, 2014. 116: p. 111-124.
Zahedi, R. and S. Daneshgar, Exergy analysis and optimization of Rankine power and ejector refrigeration combined cycle. Energy, 2022. 240: p. 122819.
Chowdhury, A.M., H. Akimoto, and Y. Hara, Comparative CFD analysis of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in upright and tilted configuration. Renewable Energy, 2016. 85: p. 327-337.
M. V. Khah, R. Zahedi, M. S. Mousavi, and A. Ahmadi, "Forecasting renewable energy utilization by Iran's water and wastewater industries," Utilities Policy, vol. 82, p. 101546, 2023.
Debnath, B.K., A. Biswas, and R. Gupta, Computational fluid dynamics analysis of a combined three-bucket Savonius and three-bladed Darrieus rotor at various overlap conditions. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable energy, 2009. 1(3): p. 033110.
Wang, S., et al., Numerical investigations on dynamic stall of low Reynolds number flow around oscillating airfoils. Computers & fluids, 2010. 39(9): p. 1529-1541.
Simão Ferreira, C., et al., Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine. Experiments in fluids, 2009. 46(1): p. 97-108.
Lei, H., et al., Three-dimensional Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation of a two-bladed vertical axis wind turbine. Energy conversion and management, 2017. 133: p. 235-248.
Shamsoddin, S. and F. Porté-Agel, A large-eddy simulation study of vertical axis wind turbine wakes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Energies, 2016. 9(5): p. 366.
Battisti, L., et al., Experimental benchmark data for H-shaped and troposkien VAWT architectures. Renewable energy, 2018. 125: p. 425-444.
J.-L. Menet and N. Bourabaa, "Increase in the Savonius rotors efficiency via a parametric investigation," in European Wind Energy conference & exhibition, 2004: London, UK, pp. 22-25.
Zahedi, R., et al., Potential measurement of Iran's western regional wind energy using GIS. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022. 330: p. 129883.
Parakkal, J.U., et al., Numerical analysis of VAWT wind turbines: Joukowski vs classical NACA rotor’s blades. Energy Procedia, 2019. 158: p. 1194-1201.
Naccache, G. and M. Paraschivoiu, Parametric study of the dual vertical axis wind turbine using CFD. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018. 172: p. 244-255.
Korobenko, A., et al., Aerodynamic simulation of vertical-axis wind turbines. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2014. 81(2).
Amet, E., et al., 2D numerical simulations of blade-vortex interaction in a darrieus turbine. Journal of fluids engineering, 2009. 131(11).
D’Alessandro, V., et al., Unsteady Aerodynamics of a Savonius wind rotor: a new computational approach for the simulation of energy performance. Energy, 2010. 35(8): p. 3349-3363.
Jaohindy, P., et al., Numerical investigation of airflow through a Savonius rotor. Wind Energy, 2014. 17(6): p. 853-868.
Fluent, A., Ansys Fluent 12.0 Theory Guide. ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, 2009.
Rezaeiha, A., I. Kalkman, and B. Blocken, CFD simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine operating at a moderate tip speed ratio: Guidelines for minimum domain size and azimuthal increment. Renewable energy, 2017. 107: p. 373-385.
Decoste, J., et al., Self-starting Darrieus wind turbine. Design Project Mech, 2004. 4020.