Numerical simulation of combustion of sulfide- biomass concentrate ingredients and contaminants in copper furnace smelting
Corresponding Author(s) : Abolfazl Ahmadi
Future Energy,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): February 2023 Issue
Abstract
Co-firing biomass and fossil fuels in industrial furnaces is a suitable way to reduce the environmental impact of human activities with acceptable investment. In this paper, the results of numerical simulation co-firing of sulfide concentrate and three auxiliary fuels, including gasoil, kerosene, and sawdust biomass, are compared in the flash furnace copper smelting. For modeling of turbulent flow and combustion, RNG, k-ε model, and probability density function model (pdf) have been used, respectively. This study has been carried out to investigate the furnace temperature and combustion pollutants distribution. The numerical simulation results show that the flame temperature resulting from the combustion of diesel fuel and sawdust as auxiliary fuel is the highest and lowest, respectively. In biomass combustion, despite that the flame temperature is low, but the NOx mass fraction increases because there is nitrogen in the sawdust chemical composition. Also in sawdust combustion, the oxygen content is high, the SO2 and SO3 sulfur pollutants increase in the high temperatures regions of the furnace and the lower temperature of the auxiliary fuel burner, respectively. Because SO2 is formed at high temperatures (> 1273K), oxygen-rich and SO3 species are produced at relatively low temperatures with excess oxygen. The amount of CO emissions in sawdust combustion is much lower than the amount of combustion of diesel and oil. In the peak of the flash furnace for sawdust and diesel auxiliary fuels, the temperature is 2.29E+03 K, and the distribution of NOx, CO2, O2, SO2, and SO3 are 1.51E-04, 9.72E-02, 2.33E-03, 1.71E-01 and 2.45E-02 respectively.
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- I. Barmina, R. Valdmanis, and M. Zake, "The effects of biomass co-gasification and co-firing on the development of combustion dynamics," Energy, vol. 146, pp. 4-12, 2018.
- S. F. Moosavian, D. Borzuei, R. Zahedi, and A. Ahmadi, "Evaluation of research and development subsidies and fossil energy tax for sustainable development using computable general equilibrium model," Energy Science & Engineering, 2022.
- E. Beagle and E. Belmont, "Technoeconomic assessment of beetle kill biomass co-firing in existing coal fired power plants in the Western United States," Energy Policy, vol. 97, pp. 429-438, 2016.
- E. Agbor, A. O. Oyedun, X. Zhang, and A. Kumar, "Integrated techno-economic and environmental assessments of sixty scenarios for co-firing biomass with coal and natural gas," Applied Energy, vol. 169, pp. 433-449, 2016.
- R. Zahedi, R. Eskandarpanah, M. Akbari, N. Rezaei, P. Mazloumin, and O. N. Farahani, "Development of a New Simulation Model for the Reservoir Hydropower Generation," Water Resources Management, pp. 1-16, 2022.
- B. Peña, C. Bartolomé, and A. Gil, "Analysis of thermal resistance evolution of ash deposits during co-firing of coal with biomass and coal mine waste residues," Fuel, vol. 194, pp. 357-367, 2017.
- L. Nunes, J. Matias, and J. Catalão, "Biomass combustion systems: A review on the physical and chemical properties of the ashes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 53, pp. 235-242, 2016.
- D. E. Priyanto, S. Ueno, N. Sato, H. Kasai, T. Tanoue, and H. Fukushima, "Ash transformation by co-firing of coal with high ratios of woody biomass and effect on slagging propensity," Fuel, vol. 174, pp. 172-179, 2016.
- R. Pérez-Jeldres, P. Cornejo, M. Flores, A. Gordon, and X. García, "A modeling approach to co-firing biomass/coal blends in pulverized coal utility boilers: Synergistic effects and emissions profiles," Energy, vol. 120, pp. 663-674, 2017.
- A. Shirneshan and H. Jamalvand, "Numerical investigation of combustion of biomass, methane, and gasoil fuels and emissions from a furnace chamber," Energy and Policy Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19-26, 2016.
- A. Kazagic, N. Hodzic, and S. Metovic, "Co-combustion of low-rank coal with woody biomass and miscanthus: an experimental study," Energies, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 601, 2018.
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- B. Pepejal, "Physico-chemical characterizations of sawdust-derived biochar as potential solid fuels," Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 724-729, 2014.
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- M. Pérez-Tello et al., "Evolution of size and chemical composition of copper concentrate particles oxidized under simulated flash smelting conditions," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 627-643, 2018.
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- R. Zahedi, M. A. N. Seraji, D. Borzuei, S. F. Moosavian, and A. Ahmadi, "Feasibility study for designing and building a zero-energy house in new cities," Solar Energy, vol. 240, pp. 168-175, 2022.
- A. F. T. Guide, "Release 17.2. Southpointe," ed: ANSYS, Inc. Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2016.
- R. Zahedi, A. Ahmadi, and S. Gitifar, "Reduction of the environmental impacts of the hydropower plant by microalgae cultivation and biodiesel production," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 304, p. 114247, 2022.
- D. M. Y. Maya, E. S. Lora, R. V. Andrade, A. Ratner, and J. D. Martínez, "Biomass gasification using mixtures of air, saturated steam, and oxygen in a two-stage downdraft gasifier. Assessment using a CFD modeling approach," Renewable Energy, 2021.
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References
I. Barmina, R. Valdmanis, and M. Zake, "The effects of biomass co-gasification and co-firing on the development of combustion dynamics," Energy, vol. 146, pp. 4-12, 2018.
S. F. Moosavian, D. Borzuei, R. Zahedi, and A. Ahmadi, "Evaluation of research and development subsidies and fossil energy tax for sustainable development using computable general equilibrium model," Energy Science & Engineering, 2022.
E. Beagle and E. Belmont, "Technoeconomic assessment of beetle kill biomass co-firing in existing coal fired power plants in the Western United States," Energy Policy, vol. 97, pp. 429-438, 2016.
E. Agbor, A. O. Oyedun, X. Zhang, and A. Kumar, "Integrated techno-economic and environmental assessments of sixty scenarios for co-firing biomass with coal and natural gas," Applied Energy, vol. 169, pp. 433-449, 2016.
R. Zahedi, R. Eskandarpanah, M. Akbari, N. Rezaei, P. Mazloumin, and O. N. Farahani, "Development of a New Simulation Model for the Reservoir Hydropower Generation," Water Resources Management, pp. 1-16, 2022.
B. Peña, C. Bartolomé, and A. Gil, "Analysis of thermal resistance evolution of ash deposits during co-firing of coal with biomass and coal mine waste residues," Fuel, vol. 194, pp. 357-367, 2017.
L. Nunes, J. Matias, and J. Catalão, "Biomass combustion systems: A review on the physical and chemical properties of the ashes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 53, pp. 235-242, 2016.
D. E. Priyanto, S. Ueno, N. Sato, H. Kasai, T. Tanoue, and H. Fukushima, "Ash transformation by co-firing of coal with high ratios of woody biomass and effect on slagging propensity," Fuel, vol. 174, pp. 172-179, 2016.
R. Pérez-Jeldres, P. Cornejo, M. Flores, A. Gordon, and X. García, "A modeling approach to co-firing biomass/coal blends in pulverized coal utility boilers: Synergistic effects and emissions profiles," Energy, vol. 120, pp. 663-674, 2017.
A. Shirneshan and H. Jamalvand, "Numerical investigation of combustion of biomass, methane, and gasoil fuels and emissions from a furnace chamber," Energy and Policy Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19-26, 2016.
A. Kazagic, N. Hodzic, and S. Metovic, "Co-combustion of low-rank coal with woody biomass and miscanthus: an experimental study," Energies, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 601, 2018.
F. Jorgensen and P. Koh, "Combustion in flash smelting furnaces," JOM, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 16-20, 2001.
E. H. Zaim and S. H. Mansouri, "A new mathematical model for copper concentrate combustion in flash smelting furnaces," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, vol. 231, no. 2, pp. 119-130, 2017.
B. Pepejal, "Physico-chemical characterizations of sawdust-derived biochar as potential solid fuels," Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 724-729, 2014.
C. B. Solnordal, F. R. Jorgensen, P. T. Koh, and A. Hunt, "CFD modelling of the flow and reactions in the Olympic Dam flash furnace smelter reaction shaft," Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1310-1325, 2006.
T. Ahokainen and A. Jokilaakso, "Numerical simulation of the outokumpu flash smelting furnace reaction shaft," Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 3-4, pp. 275-283, 1998.
M. Pérez-Tello et al., "Evolution of size and chemical composition of copper concentrate particles oxidized under simulated flash smelting conditions," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 627-643, 2018.
M. Khazaee, R. Zahedi, R. Faryadras, and A. Ahmadi, "Assessment of renewable energy production capacity of Asian countries: a review," New Energy Exploitation and Application, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 25-41, 2022.
X. Li, C. Mei, and T. Xiao, "Numerical modeling of Jinlong CJD burner copper flash smelting furnace," University of Science and Technology Beijing, Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing(English Edition)(China), vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 417-421, 2002.
R. Zahedi, M. A. N. Seraji, D. Borzuei, S. F. Moosavian, and A. Ahmadi, "Feasibility study for designing and building a zero-energy house in new cities," Solar Energy, vol. 240, pp. 168-175, 2022.
A. F. T. Guide, "Release 17.2. Southpointe," ed: ANSYS, Inc. Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2016.
R. Zahedi, A. Ahmadi, and S. Gitifar, "Reduction of the environmental impacts of the hydropower plant by microalgae cultivation and biodiesel production," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 304, p. 114247, 2022.
D. M. Y. Maya, E. S. Lora, R. V. Andrade, A. Ratner, and J. D. Martínez, "Biomass gasification using mixtures of air, saturated steam, and oxygen in a two-stage downdraft gasifier. Assessment using a CFD modeling approach," Renewable Energy, 2021.
R. Zahedi, M. Ghorbani, S. Daneshgar, S. Gitifar, and S. Qezelbigloo, "Potential measurement of Iran's western regional wind energy using GIS," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 330, p. 129883, 2022.
Y. Hahn and H. Sohn, "Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: Part I. Model development and verification with laboratory and pilot plant measurements for chalcopyrite concentrate smelting," Metallurgical Transactions B, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 945-958, 1990.