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Abstract
Low-temperature combustion (LTC) engines are able to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, simultaneously. LTC engines suffer from higher amounts of unburned hydrocarbon (uHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, particularly in low-load operating conditions of the engine. The existence of oxygen molecules in the alcohol fuels not only results in more combustion completeness but also leads to lower CO and uHC emissions.
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References
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References
A. K. Agarwal, Akhilendra Pratap Singh, Rakesh Kumar Maurya, Evolution, challenges and path forward for low temperature combustion engines, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Volume 61, 2017, Pages 1-56, ISSN 0360-1285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.02.001.
A. M. Andwari, A. Pesiridis, V. Esfahanian, M. F. Muhamad Said. “Combustion and Emission Enhancement of a Spark Ignition Two-Stroke Cycle Engine Utilizing Internal and External Exhaust Gas Recirculation Approach at Low-Load Operation”, Energies, 2019, 12 (4), 609; doi:10.3390/en12040609
A. M. Andwari, M. F. Muhamad Said, Azhar Abdul Aziz, V. Esfahanian, M. A. Idris, M. R. Mohd Perang, H. M. Jamil. “Design, Modeling and Simulation of a High-Pressure Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Pump for Engine Applications”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering (JMechE) Vol. S1 6 (1) (2018) pp 107-120 (ISSN: 1823-5514)
A. M. Andwari, Azhar Abdul Aziz, M .F. Muhamad Said and Z. A. Latiff, A. Ghanaati. “Influence of Hot Burned Gas Utilization on The Exhaust Emission Characteristics of A Controlled Auto-Ignition Two-Stroke Cycle Engine”, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Eng., Vol 11 (2015), pp 2396-2404, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.11.2015.20.0201
J. Moradi, A. Gharehghani, M. Aghahasani. Application of machine learning to optimize the combustion characteristics of RCCI engine over wide load range. Fuel 324, Part A, 2022, 124494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124494
A. Gharehghani, HR. Abbasi, P. Alizadeh. Application of machine learning tools for constrained multi-objective optimization of an HCCI engine. Energy, 233, 2021,121106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121106
J. Moradi, A. Gharehghani, M. Mirsalim. Numerical investigation on the effect of oxygen in combustion characteristics and to extend low load operating range of a natural-gas HCCI engine. Applied Energy, 276, 2020,115516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115516
MM. Salahi, A. Gharehghani. Control of combustion phasing and operating range extension of natural gas PCCI engines using ozone species. Energy Conversion and Management, 199, 2019,112000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112000.
A. Gharehghani. Load limits of an HCCI engine fueled with natural gas, ethanol, and methanol. Fuel, 239, 2019,1001-1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.11.066
A. Kakoee, A. Gharehghani, Comparative study of hydrogen addition effects on the natural-gas/diesel and natural-gas/dimethyl-ether reactivity controlled compression ignition mode of operation. Energy Conversion and Management, 196, 2019, 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.113