Main Article Content
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have replaced conventional bio-fuel cars over the past ten years. Electric vehicles, or EVs, have become popular for both financial and environmental reasons. One of the most significant challenges facing humanity today is environmental degradation. From both an economic and ecological perspective, it would be highly beneficial if electric automobiles could be charged using renewable energy. The use of EVs in Northern Cyprus remains in its early stages. Thus, the viability of charging from renewable sources is investigated. In addition to comparing fuel-based and electric vehicles and determining the economic viability of charging using renewable sources, the study explains ways to charge electric vehicles using hybrid wind and solar power systems. The costs of the required components have been obtained from manufacturers, and the average cost is then taken into account. The results demonstrated that the developed system achieved a maximum monthly energy output of 13,500 kWh in March and ensured stable production throughout the seasons by utilizing solar and wind resources in combination. Additionally, it has the capacity to support 58 EV chargers per day, which can charge approximately 1,700 EVs per month, including the GÜNSEL B9 model. Economically, the system was extremely viable with a payback time of just 3.34 years when electricity was sold at $0.31/kWh. Moreover, the proposed system offered a significant 96% reduction in carbon emissions compared to conventional grid electricity. These results demonstrate the hybrid system's success in facilitating sustainable, high-capacity EV charging, yielding significant environmental and economic benefits. Additionally, compared to fuel vehicles, EVs are almost twice as advantageous and environmentally friendly.
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Article Details
References
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- Costa, C. M., Barbosa, J. C., Castro, H., Gonçalves, R., & Lanceros-Méndez, S. (2021). Electric vehicles: To what extent are environmentally friendly and cost-effective?–Comparative study by European countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151, 111548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111548
- Al-Ghaili, A. M., Kasim, H., Aris, H., & Al-Hada, N. M. (2022). Can electric vehicles be an alternative to traditional fossil-fuel cars with the help of renewable energy sources towards energy sustainability achievement?. Energy Informatics, 5(Suppl 4), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00234-3
- Qadir, S. A., Ahmad, F., Al-Wahedi, A. M. A., Iqbal, A., & Ali, A. (2024). Navigating the complex realities of electric vehicle adoption: A comprehensive study of government strategies, policies, and incentives. Energy Strategy Reviews, 53, 101379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101379
- Okoh, A. S., & Onuoha, M. C. (2024). Immediate and future challenges of using electric vehicles for promoting energy efficiency in Africa’s clean energy transition. Global Environmental Change, 84, 102789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102789
- Martins, H., Henriques, C. O., Figueira, J. R., Silva, C. S., & Costa, A. S. (2023). Assessing policy interventions to stimulate the transition of electric vehicle technology in the European Union. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 87, 101505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2022.101505
- Srivastava, A., Kumar, R. R., Chakraborty, A., Mateen, A., & Narayanamurthy, G. (2022). Design and selection of government policies for electric vehicles adoption: A global perspective. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 161, 102726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102726
- Akçaba, S., & Eminer, F. (2022). Sustainable energy planning for the aspiration to transition from fossil energy to renewable energy in Northern Cyprus. Heliyon, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09813
- Barton, D. (2025). An overview of the sustainability of emerging energy technologies in mitigating climate change. Future Sustainability, 3(3), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fusus.3.3.5
- Ercan, T., Onat, N. C., Keya, N., Tatari, O., Eluru, N., & Kucukvar, M. (2022). Autonomous electric vehicles can reduce carbon emissions and air pollution in cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 112, 103472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103472
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- Romero-Ocaño, A. D., Cosío-León, M. A., Valenzuela-Alcaraz, V. M., & Brizuela, C. A. (2022). The impact of gradually replacing fossil fuel-powered vehicles with electric ones: A bi-objective optimisation approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 194, 116546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116546
- Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M., Sawalhah, M. N., & Valdez, R. (2022). A global assessment: can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050?. Sustainability, 14(8), 4792. ; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792
- Chen, F., & Chen, Z. (2021). Cost of economic growth: Air pollution and health expenditure. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142543
- Malik, M. A. I., Kalam, M. A., Ikram, A., Zeeshan, S., & Zahidi, S. Q. R. (2025). Energy transition towards electric vehicle technology: Recent advancements. Energy Reports, 13, 2958-2996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.02.029
- Majid, M. A., & Ahmed, A. (2024). Advances in electric vehicles for a self-reliant energy ecosystem and powering a sustainable future in India. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 10, 100753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2024.100753
- Alanazi, F. (2023). Electric vehicles: Benefits, challenges, and potential solutions for widespread adaptation. Applied Sciences, 13(10), 6016. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106016
- Ehsan, F., Habib, S., Gulzar, M. M., Guo, J., Muyeen, S. M., & Kamwa, I. (2024). Assessing policy influence on electric vehicle adoption in China: An in-Depth study. Energy Strategy Reviews, 54, 101471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101471
- Zhang, X., Xie, J., Rao, R., & Liang, Y. (2014). Policy incentives for the adoption of electric vehicles across countries. Sustainability, 6(11), 8056-8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6118056
- Shang, H., Sun, Y., Huang, D., & Meng, F. (2024). Life cycle assessment of atmospheric environmental impact on the large-scale promotion of electric vehicles in China. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 15, 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2024.100148
- Baringo, L., Boffino, L., & Oggioni, G. (2020). Robust expansion planning of a distribution system with electric vehicles, storage and renewable units. Applied Energy, 265, 114679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114679
- Keller, V., English, J., Fernandez, J., Wade, C., Fowler, M., Scholtysik, S., ... & Rowe, A. (2019). Electrification of road transportation with utility controlled charging: A case study for British Columbia with a 93% renewable electricity target. Applied Energy, 253, 113536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113536
- Arif, A., & Milanovic, J. (2021, October). Data-Driven Distribution System Expansion Planning Considering High EV and PV Penetration. In 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe) (pp. 01-05). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope52324.2021.9639991
- de Quevedo, P. M., Muñoz-Delgado, G., & Contreras, J. (2017, July). Joint expansion planning of distribution networks, EV charging stations and wind power generation under uncertainty. In 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (pp. 1-5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2017.8273783
- Santos, R. D. C. O., Abud, T. P., Lopes, Y., & Borba, B. S. M. C. (2025). Systematic Literature Review of electric vehicles within the expansion planning of electrical power systems. Results in Engineering, 104500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104500
- Abdi, H., Moradi, M., & Rashidi, R. (2022). Hybrid transmission expansion planning and reactive power planning considering the real network uncertainties. International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, 35(1), e2937. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnm.2937
- Tabandeh, A., Hossain, M. J., & Li, L. (2022). Integrated multi-stage and multi-zone distribution network expansion planning with renewable energy sources and hydrogen refuelling stations for fuel cell vehicles. Applied Energy, 319, 119242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119242
- Siddiqui, T., & Mustaqeem, M. (2023). Performance evaluation of software defect prediction with NASA dataset using machine learning techniques. International Journal of Information Technology, 15(8), 4131-4139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-023-01528-9
- Kassem, Y., Çamur, H., & Alhuoti, S. M. A. (2020). Solar energy technology for Northern Cyprus: Assessment, statistical analysis, and feasibility study. Energies, 13(4), 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040940
- Gairaa, K., & Bakelli, Y. (2013). Solar energy potential assessment in the Algerian south area: Case of Ghardaïa region. Journal of Renewable Energy, 2013(1), 496348. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/496348
- Arreyndip, N. A., Joseph, E., & David, A. Wind energy potential assessment of Cameroon’s coastal regions for the installation of an onshore wind farm. Heliyon. 2016, 2(11).
- Rafique, M., Rehman, S., Alam, M., & Alhems, L. Feasibility of a 100 MW Installed Capacity Wind Farm for Different Climatic Conditions. Energies. 2018, 11(8), 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082147
- Gökçekuş, H., Kassem, Y., & Al Hassan, M. Evaluation of Wind Potential at Eight Selected Locations in Northern Lebanon Using Open Source Data. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2019, 14(11), 2789–2794.
- Demain, C., Journée, M., & Bertrand, C. (2013). Evaluation of different models to estimate the global solar radiation on inclined surfaces. Renewable energy, 50, 710-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.07.031
- Othman, A. B., Belkilani, K., & Besbes, M. (2018). Global solar radiation on tilted surfaces in Tunisia: Measurement, estimation and gained energy assessments. Energy Reports, 4, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2017.10.003
- Shukla, K. N., Rangnekar, S., & Sudhakar, K. (2016). Mathematical modelling of solar radiation incident on tilted surface for photovoltaic application at Bhopal, MP, India. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 37(6), 579-588. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2015.1023834
- Marion, W. F. (2010). Overview of the PV module model in PVWatts. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
- Sulaeman, S., Brown, E., Quispe-Abad, R., & Müller, N. (2021). Floating PV system as an alternative pathway to the amazon dam underproduction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110082
- Manoj Kumar, N., Sudhakar, K., & Samykano, M. (2019). Techno-economic analysis of 1 MWp grid connected solar PV plant in Malaysia. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 40(4), 434-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1410226
References
Mehranfar, S., Banagar, I., Moradi, J., Andwari, A. M., Könnö, J., Gharehghani, A., ... & Kurvinen, E. (2024). The perspective of energy storage systems advancements and challenges for electric vehicle applications; metric, mechanism, mode, and mitigation framework. Future Sustainability, 2(4), 22-32. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fusus.2.4.4
Elkelawy, M., Saeed, A. M., Atta, Z. A., Sayed, M. M., Hamouda, M. A., Almasri, A. M., & Seleem, H. E. (2025). Transforming Conventional Vehicles into Electric: A Comprehensive Review of Conversion Technologies, Challenges, Performance Enhancements, and Future Prospects. Pharos Engineering Science Journal, 2(1), 197-212. https://doi.org/10.21608/PESJ.2025.375197.1028
Costa, C. M., Barbosa, J. C., Castro, H., Gonçalves, R., & Lanceros-Méndez, S. (2021). Electric vehicles: To what extent are environmentally friendly and cost-effective?–Comparative study by European countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151, 111548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111548
Al-Ghaili, A. M., Kasim, H., Aris, H., & Al-Hada, N. M. (2022). Can electric vehicles be an alternative to traditional fossil-fuel cars with the help of renewable energy sources towards energy sustainability achievement?. Energy Informatics, 5(Suppl 4), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00234-3
Qadir, S. A., Ahmad, F., Al-Wahedi, A. M. A., Iqbal, A., & Ali, A. (2024). Navigating the complex realities of electric vehicle adoption: A comprehensive study of government strategies, policies, and incentives. Energy Strategy Reviews, 53, 101379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101379
Okoh, A. S., & Onuoha, M. C. (2024). Immediate and future challenges of using electric vehicles for promoting energy efficiency in Africa’s clean energy transition. Global Environmental Change, 84, 102789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102789
Martins, H., Henriques, C. O., Figueira, J. R., Silva, C. S., & Costa, A. S. (2023). Assessing policy interventions to stimulate the transition of electric vehicle technology in the European Union. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 87, 101505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2022.101505
Srivastava, A., Kumar, R. R., Chakraborty, A., Mateen, A., & Narayanamurthy, G. (2022). Design and selection of government policies for electric vehicles adoption: A global perspective. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 161, 102726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102726
Akçaba, S., & Eminer, F. (2022). Sustainable energy planning for the aspiration to transition from fossil energy to renewable energy in Northern Cyprus. Heliyon, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09813
Barton, D. (2025). An overview of the sustainability of emerging energy technologies in mitigating climate change. Future Sustainability, 3(3), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fusus.3.3.5
Ercan, T., Onat, N. C., Keya, N., Tatari, O., Eluru, N., & Kucukvar, M. (2022). Autonomous electric vehicles can reduce carbon emissions and air pollution in cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 112, 103472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103472
Yu, X., LeBlanc, S., Sandhu, N., Wang, L., Wang, M., & Zheng, M. (2024). Decarbonization potential of future sustainable propulsion—A review of road transportation. Energy Science & Engineering, 12(2), 438-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1434
Romero-Ocaño, A. D., Cosío-León, M. A., Valenzuela-Alcaraz, V. M., & Brizuela, C. A. (2022). The impact of gradually replacing fossil fuel-powered vehicles with electric ones: A bi-objective optimisation approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 194, 116546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116546
Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M., Sawalhah, M. N., & Valdez, R. (2022). A global assessment: can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050?. Sustainability, 14(8), 4792. ; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792
Chen, F., & Chen, Z. (2021). Cost of economic growth: Air pollution and health expenditure. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142543
Malik, M. A. I., Kalam, M. A., Ikram, A., Zeeshan, S., & Zahidi, S. Q. R. (2025). Energy transition towards electric vehicle technology: Recent advancements. Energy Reports, 13, 2958-2996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.02.029
Majid, M. A., & Ahmed, A. (2024). Advances in electric vehicles for a self-reliant energy ecosystem and powering a sustainable future in India. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 10, 100753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2024.100753
Alanazi, F. (2023). Electric vehicles: Benefits, challenges, and potential solutions for widespread adaptation. Applied Sciences, 13(10), 6016. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106016
Ehsan, F., Habib, S., Gulzar, M. M., Guo, J., Muyeen, S. M., & Kamwa, I. (2024). Assessing policy influence on electric vehicle adoption in China: An in-Depth study. Energy Strategy Reviews, 54, 101471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101471
Zhang, X., Xie, J., Rao, R., & Liang, Y. (2014). Policy incentives for the adoption of electric vehicles across countries. Sustainability, 6(11), 8056-8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6118056
Shang, H., Sun, Y., Huang, D., & Meng, F. (2024). Life cycle assessment of atmospheric environmental impact on the large-scale promotion of electric vehicles in China. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 15, 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2024.100148
Baringo, L., Boffino, L., & Oggioni, G. (2020). Robust expansion planning of a distribution system with electric vehicles, storage and renewable units. Applied Energy, 265, 114679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114679
Keller, V., English, J., Fernandez, J., Wade, C., Fowler, M., Scholtysik, S., ... & Rowe, A. (2019). Electrification of road transportation with utility controlled charging: A case study for British Columbia with a 93% renewable electricity target. Applied Energy, 253, 113536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113536
Arif, A., & Milanovic, J. (2021, October). Data-Driven Distribution System Expansion Planning Considering High EV and PV Penetration. In 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe) (pp. 01-05). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope52324.2021.9639991
de Quevedo, P. M., Muñoz-Delgado, G., & Contreras, J. (2017, July). Joint expansion planning of distribution networks, EV charging stations and wind power generation under uncertainty. In 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (pp. 1-5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2017.8273783
Santos, R. D. C. O., Abud, T. P., Lopes, Y., & Borba, B. S. M. C. (2025). Systematic Literature Review of electric vehicles within the expansion planning of electrical power systems. Results in Engineering, 104500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104500
Abdi, H., Moradi, M., & Rashidi, R. (2022). Hybrid transmission expansion planning and reactive power planning considering the real network uncertainties. International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, 35(1), e2937. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnm.2937
Tabandeh, A., Hossain, M. J., & Li, L. (2022). Integrated multi-stage and multi-zone distribution network expansion planning with renewable energy sources and hydrogen refuelling stations for fuel cell vehicles. Applied Energy, 319, 119242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119242
Siddiqui, T., & Mustaqeem, M. (2023). Performance evaluation of software defect prediction with NASA dataset using machine learning techniques. International Journal of Information Technology, 15(8), 4131-4139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-023-01528-9
Kassem, Y., Çamur, H., & Alhuoti, S. M. A. (2020). Solar energy technology for Northern Cyprus: Assessment, statistical analysis, and feasibility study. Energies, 13(4), 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040940
Gairaa, K., & Bakelli, Y. (2013). Solar energy potential assessment in the Algerian south area: Case of Ghardaïa region. Journal of Renewable Energy, 2013(1), 496348. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/496348
Arreyndip, N. A., Joseph, E., & David, A. Wind energy potential assessment of Cameroon’s coastal regions for the installation of an onshore wind farm. Heliyon. 2016, 2(11).
Rafique, M., Rehman, S., Alam, M., & Alhems, L. Feasibility of a 100 MW Installed Capacity Wind Farm for Different Climatic Conditions. Energies. 2018, 11(8), 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082147
Gökçekuş, H., Kassem, Y., & Al Hassan, M. Evaluation of Wind Potential at Eight Selected Locations in Northern Lebanon Using Open Source Data. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2019, 14(11), 2789–2794.
Demain, C., Journée, M., & Bertrand, C. (2013). Evaluation of different models to estimate the global solar radiation on inclined surfaces. Renewable energy, 50, 710-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.07.031
Othman, A. B., Belkilani, K., & Besbes, M. (2018). Global solar radiation on tilted surfaces in Tunisia: Measurement, estimation and gained energy assessments. Energy Reports, 4, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2017.10.003
Shukla, K. N., Rangnekar, S., & Sudhakar, K. (2016). Mathematical modelling of solar radiation incident on tilted surface for photovoltaic application at Bhopal, MP, India. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 37(6), 579-588. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2015.1023834
Marion, W. F. (2010). Overview of the PV module model in PVWatts. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Sulaeman, S., Brown, E., Quispe-Abad, R., & Müller, N. (2021). Floating PV system as an alternative pathway to the amazon dam underproduction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110082
Manoj Kumar, N., Sudhakar, K., & Samykano, M. (2019). Techno-economic analysis of 1 MWp grid connected solar PV plant in Malaysia. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 40(4), 434-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1410226