Main Article Content
Abstract
The majority of garbage that is dumped into the environment is the consequence of industrial activity, and this waste contains toxic and dangerous substances that have properties. Untreated industrial effluents have repeatedly affected the environment and human health. Additionally, the aim of this review is to determine if water treatment conforms to DWAF and USEPA criteria and to evaluate specific wastewater treatment facilities. Additionally, the effluent from companies was assessed after being collected utilizing composite sampling methods. The findings recognized pH, rivers, and industrial activities. This is a warning sign that the water is unsafe, demonstrating that industrial effluents are contributing to a reduction in river water quality. Receiving water near numerous food-processing facilities showed significant reductions after effluent discharge. As a result, when developing mitigation strategies, governments should consider this. Some of these strategies are enforcing the pollution laws that are already in place; setting up treatment facilities; turning industrial waste into biogas; educating the public; starting programs; and passing laws.
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References
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- Salman, M., & Mualla, W. (2003). Water demand management in Syria: technical, legal and institutional issues. Advances in Water Supply Management, 704-713.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). Syria: Agriculture and Food Security Monitoring System (AFSMS)
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- Abou Zakhem, B., & Hafez, R. (2015). Heavy metal pollution index for groundwater quality assessment in Damascus Oasis, Syria. Environmental earth sciences, 73(10), 6591-6600.
- Abou Zakhem, B., & Hafez, R. (2015). Hydrochemical, isotopic and statistical characteristics of groundwater nitrate pollution in Damascus Oasis (Syria). Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(4), 2781-2797.
- Salman, M., & Mualla, W. (2003, August). The utilization of water resources for agriculture in Syria: Analysis of the current situation and future challenges. In Erice International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies (pp. 18-26).
- Mohammad, H. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Plant Operating Extended Aeration and Nutrients Removal. Technology, 7(1), 19-26.
- Melhem, R., & Higano, Y. (2002). Policy measures for river water management in Barada Basin, Syria. Studies in Regional Science, 32(3), 1-23.
- Alshabab, M. S., Andrianova, M., & Alsalloum, D. (2016). Modification of wastewater treatment technology at cottonseed oil plant. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 53, p. 01040). EDP Sciences.
- Aydin-Kandemir, F., & Yildiz, D. Water Conflicts and The Spatiotemporal Changes In Land Use, Irrigation, And Drought In Northeast Syria With Future Estimations. International Journal of Water Management and Diplomacy, 1(4), 5-36.
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- Asmael, N. M., Huneau, F., Garel, E., Celle-Jeanton, H., Le Coustumer, P., Dupuy, A., & Hamid, S. (2015). Origin and recharge mechanisms of groundwater in the upper part of the Awaj River (Syria) based on hydrochemistry and environmental isotope techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(12), 10521-10542.
- Faour, G., & Fayad, A. (2014). Water environment in the coastal basins of Syria-assessing the impacts of the war. Environmental Processes, 1(4), 533-552.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable capacity statistics 2017, from http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/ IRENA_Renewable_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf, accessed 1 November 2017
- Elistratov, V., & Ramadan, A. (2018). Energy potential assessment of solar and wind resources in Syria. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 16(2), 208-216.
- Al-Mohamad, A., & Karmeh, H. (2003). Wind energy potential in Syria. Renewable Energy, 28(7), 1039-1046.
- Al-Mohamad, A. (2001). Renewable energy resources in Syria. Renewable energy, 24(3-4), 365-371.
- Maleh, H. A., Tine, H. A., & Naimeh, W. (2012). Environment & feasibility study to make use of solar energy in Syria. Energy procedia, 19, 30-37.
- https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/syrian-arab-republic
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- Mourad, K. A., & Berndtsson, R. (2011). Syrian water resources between the present and the future. Air, Soil and Water Research, 4, ASWR-S8076.
- Drgham, M. M. (2020). The Current Water Balance in Syria: Evaluating the potential contribution of Constructed Wetlands as a treatment plant of municipal wastewater in Al-Haffah.
- Al-Charideh, A., & Kattaa, B. (2016). Isotope hydrology of deep groundwater in Syria: renewable and non-renewable groundwater and paleoclimate impact. Hydrogeology Journal, 24(1), 79-98.
- Grangier, C., Qadir, M., & Singh, M. (2012). Health implications for children in wastewater-irrigated peri-urban Aleppo, Syria. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 4(4), 187-195.
- Ibrahim, S., Choumane, W., & Dayoub, A. (2020). Occurrence and seasonal variations of Giardia in wastewater and river water from Al-Jinderiyah region in Latakia, Syria. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 77(3), 370-381.
- SALEH, H. A., & Allaert, G. (2009). Water Reuse Applications & Planning Systems in Arid Areas. In International Conference on Water Conservation in Arid Regions.
- Aw-Hassan, A., Rida, F., Telleria, R., & Bruggeman, A. (2014). The impact of food and agricultural policies on groundwater use in Syria. Journal of Hydrology, 513, 204-215.
References
Mourad, K. A., Berndtsson, J. C., & Berndtsson, R. (2011). Potential fresh water saving using greywater in toilet flushing in Syria. Journal of environmental management, 92(10), 2447-2453
Salman, M., & Mualla, W. (2003). Water demand management in Syria: technical, legal and institutional issues. Advances in Water Supply Management, 704-713.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). Syria: Agriculture and Food Security Monitoring System (AFSMS)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19533112.
Qazi, A., Hussain, F., Rahim, N. A., Hardaker, G., Alghazzawi, D., Shaban, K., & Haruna, K. (2019). Towards sustainable energy: a systematic review of renewable energy sources, technologies, and public opinions. IEEE Access, 7, 63837-63851.
Baba, A., Karem, R. A., & Yazdani, H. (2021). Groundwater resources and quality in Syria. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 14, 100617.
Abou Zakhem, B., & Hafez, R. (2015). Heavy metal pollution index for groundwater quality assessment in Damascus Oasis, Syria. Environmental earth sciences, 73(10), 6591-6600.
Abou Zakhem, B., & Hafez, R. (2015). Hydrochemical, isotopic and statistical characteristics of groundwater nitrate pollution in Damascus Oasis (Syria). Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(4), 2781-2797.
Salman, M., & Mualla, W. (2003, August). The utilization of water resources for agriculture in Syria: Analysis of the current situation and future challenges. In Erice International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies (pp. 18-26).
Mohammad, H. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Plant Operating Extended Aeration and Nutrients Removal. Technology, 7(1), 19-26.
Melhem, R., & Higano, Y. (2002). Policy measures for river water management in Barada Basin, Syria. Studies in Regional Science, 32(3), 1-23.
Alshabab, M. S., Andrianova, M., & Alsalloum, D. (2016). Modification of wastewater treatment technology at cottonseed oil plant. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 53, p. 01040). EDP Sciences.
Aydin-Kandemir, F., & Yildiz, D. Water Conflicts and The Spatiotemporal Changes In Land Use, Irrigation, And Drought In Northeast Syria With Future Estimations. International Journal of Water Management and Diplomacy, 1(4), 5-36.
Kaisi, A., Yasser, M., & Mahrouseh, Y. (2005). Irrigation system performance: Syrian country report. Irrigation systems performance. Bari: CIHEAM, Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches, 52(2), 179-192.
Abo, R., & Merkel, B. J. (2015). Water quality of the Helvetian and Eocene aquifers in Al Zerba catchment and southern parts of Al Qweek Valley, Aleppo basin, Syria. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 1(3), 189-211.
Asmael, N. M., Huneau, F., Garel, E., Celle-Jeanton, H., Le Coustumer, P., Dupuy, A., & Hamid, S. (2015). Origin and recharge mechanisms of groundwater in the upper part of the Awaj River (Syria) based on hydrochemistry and environmental isotope techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(12), 10521-10542.
Faour, G., & Fayad, A. (2014). Water environment in the coastal basins of Syria-assessing the impacts of the war. Environmental Processes, 1(4), 533-552.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable capacity statistics 2017, from http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/ IRENA_Renewable_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf, accessed 1 November 2017
Elistratov, V., & Ramadan, A. (2018). Energy potential assessment of solar and wind resources in Syria. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 16(2), 208-216.
Al-Mohamad, A., & Karmeh, H. (2003). Wind energy potential in Syria. Renewable Energy, 28(7), 1039-1046.
Al-Mohamad, A. (2001). Renewable energy resources in Syria. Renewable energy, 24(3-4), 365-371.
Maleh, H. A., Tine, H. A., & Naimeh, W. (2012). Environment & feasibility study to make use of solar energy in Syria. Energy procedia, 19, 30-37.
https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/syrian-arab-republic
Gude, V. G., Nirmalakhandan, N., & Deng, S. (2010). Renewable and sustainable approaches for desalination. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(9), 2641-2654.
Saied, M. A., & Serpokrilov, N. S. (2020, March). Evaluation results of the wastewater treatment system of small settlements in Syria. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 775, No. 1, p. 012096). IOP Publishing.
Mourad, K. A., & Berndtsson, R. (2011). Syrian water resources between the present and the future. Air, Soil and Water Research, 4, ASWR-S8076.
Drgham, M. M. (2020). The Current Water Balance in Syria: Evaluating the potential contribution of Constructed Wetlands as a treatment plant of municipal wastewater in Al-Haffah.
Al-Charideh, A., & Kattaa, B. (2016). Isotope hydrology of deep groundwater in Syria: renewable and non-renewable groundwater and paleoclimate impact. Hydrogeology Journal, 24(1), 79-98.
Grangier, C., Qadir, M., & Singh, M. (2012). Health implications for children in wastewater-irrigated peri-urban Aleppo, Syria. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 4(4), 187-195.
Ibrahim, S., Choumane, W., & Dayoub, A. (2020). Occurrence and seasonal variations of Giardia in wastewater and river water from Al-Jinderiyah region in Latakia, Syria. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 77(3), 370-381.
SALEH, H. A., & Allaert, G. (2009). Water Reuse Applications & Planning Systems in Arid Areas. In International Conference on Water Conservation in Arid Regions.
Aw-Hassan, A., Rida, F., Telleria, R., & Bruggeman, A. (2014). The impact of food and agricultural policies on groundwater use in Syria. Journal of Hydrology, 513, 204-215.